Table 1.

Description of father and child measures

Variable/measure	Description	Scale	Subscale (# of items)	Scale rangea	Cronbach alphab
Physiological well-being (father)
Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression (CES-D) (Radloff, [32])	Depression symptoms experienced in the past week	0 = rarely or none of the time 3 = most or all of the time	Total scale (20)	0–60 (S)	.82
Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) (Cohen et al., [33])	Degree in which situations are experienced as stressful	0 = never 4 = very often	Total scale (10)	0–40 (S)	.77
Taylor Inventory of Self-Esteem (Taylor & Tomasic, [34])	Measures of self-esteem and rewards and costs to self	0 = never 8 = always	Negative self-esteem (8)	0–8 (M)	.65
			Positive self-esteem (8)	0–8 (M)	.83
Communication and problem solving (father)
Tolerance For Disagreement (TFD) (Teven et al., [35])	The degree of tolerance of interpersonal disagreement	1 = strongly disagree 5 = strongly agree	Total scale (15)	15–75 (S)	.68
Personal Problem Solving Inventory (PSI) (Maydeu-Olivares & D'Zurilla, [36])	Subscales of problem solving self-efficacy and problem solving skills	1 = strongly agree 6 = strongly disagree	Efficacy(7)	1–6 (M)	.70
			Skills (9)	1–6 (M)	.65
Father-mother relationship quality
Quality of Relationship Inventory (QRI) (Pierce et al., [37])	Measure of support, conflict, and depth of father-mother relationship	1 = not at all 4 = very much	Conflict (12)	1–4 (M)	.83
			Support (7)	1–4 (M)	.87
			Depth (6)	1–4 (M)	.85
Parenting (father)
Parent Behavior Checklist (PBC) (Fox, [38])	Measure of parenting skills and knowledge	1 = almost never/never 4 = almost always/always	Discipline (10)	1–4 (M)	.76
			Nurturing (10)	1–4 (M)	.75
			Expectations (12)	1–4 (M)	.85
Parenting Sense of Competence Scale (PSOC) (Johnston & Mash, [39])	Parent satisfaction and self-efficacy in their role	1 = strongly disagree 6 = strongly agree	Satisfaction (9)	(S)	.59
			Self-efficacy (7)	(S)	.70
Paternal involvement (father)
Julion Index of Paternal Involvement (JIPI; Julion, [40])	Direct father-child interaction (caregiving, teaching, and nurturing)	1 = never 4 = almost always	Total scale (19)	1–4 (M)	.94
Fragile Families Survey (FFS; Reichman et al, [41])	Material and in-kind support fathers provide for their children	1 = never 4 = always	Total scale (13)	13–52 (S)	.84
Child behavior (child)
Behavior Assessment System for Children 3rd Ed (BASC-3) (Reynolds & Kamphaus, [42])	Adaptive and problem behaviors in community and home setting	0 = never 3 = almost always	Aggression (11)	T-scoresd	.45
			Attention (6)		.58
			Depression (11–14)		.69
			Hyperactivity (10, 11)		.70

^aLetter in parentheses indicates whether mean (M) or sum (S) scored

^bCronbach alpha reliability coefficient in study sample at baseline assessment (N =178)

^cIndividual items used for analysis

^dPreschool and school age version of the BASC-3 was used and scores were converted to T-scores using norms based on age and gender