TABLE 4.
Hazard ratios for multiple sleep dimensions and hypertension risk by race/ethnicity in the Sister Study (March 2003–September 2018)a
| White |
Black |
Hispanic/Latina |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sleep dimensions | No. with event/person-years | Hazard ratio (95% CI)b | No. with event/person-years | Hazard ratio (95% CI) | No. with event/person-years | Hazard ratio (95% CI) | P for interaction |
|
| |||||||
| Sleep duration | 0.4845 | ||||||
| ≤5 h | 323/12 312 | 1.03 (0.91–1.16) | 127/2734 | 1.16 (0.92–1.46) | 33/1265 | 0.91 (0.62–1.34) | |
| >5 to <7 h | 1327/54987 | 1.03 (0.97–1.10) | 202/5459 | 1.00 (0.82–1.22) | 83/3089 | 1.06 (0.80–1.39) | |
| 7 to <9 h | 4478/205 562 | 1.00 | 269/7441 | 1.00 | 204/8497 | 1.00 | |
| >9 h | 74/2356 | 1.18 (0.93–1.50) | 6/85 | 2.11 (0.93–4.80) | 2/99 | 0.46 (0.06–3.32) | |
| Inconsistent weekly sleep patterns | 0.8845 | ||||||
| No | 5327/241 180 | 1.00 | 486/12 766 | 1.00 | 259/10 619 | 1.00 | |
| Yes | 876/34000 | 0.97 (0.90–1.05) | 124/3002 | 0.94 (0.75–1.17) | 66/2360 | 0.99 (0.54–1.82) | |
| Sleep debt ≥2 h | 0.8338 | ||||||
| No | 4670/210831 | 1.00 | 390/10 277 | 1.00 | 214/8855 | 1.00 | |
| Yes | 1426/61 064 | 1.05 (0.98–1.14) | 198/4904 | 1.02 (0.83–1.26) | 104/3812 | 1.06 (0.80–1.42) | |
| Napping ≥3 times/week | 0.8642 | ||||||
| No | 5602/253121 | 1.00 | 537/14 069 | 1.00 | 283/11 551 | 1.00 | |
| Yes | 608/22 440 | 1.01 (0.92–1.10) | 74/1749 | 0.93 (0.71–1.22) | 42/1441 | 1.02 (0.72–1.46) | |
| Insomnia symptoms | 0.4004 | ||||||
| No | 4532/211 954 | 1.00 | 409/10 989 | 1.00 | 215/8805 | 1.00 | |
| Yes | 1669/63 300 | 1.10 (1.04–1.17) | 201/4785 | 1.01 (0.83–1.21) | 109/4153 | 1.02 (0.79–1.31) | |
| Difficulty falling asleep | 0.1668 | ||||||
| No | 5134/236 778 | 1.00 | 440/11 806 | 1.00 | 241/9674 | 1.00 | |
| Yes | 1069/38452 | 1.12 (1.05–1.21) | 171/3971 | 1.04 (0.86, 1.26) | 84/3297 | 0.93 (0.71–1.22) | |
| Difficulty staying asleep | 0.2631 | ||||||
| No | 5322/241 385 | 1.00 | 539/14 251 | 1.00 | 272/11 365 | 1.00 | |
| Yes | 884/34021 | 1.10 (1.02–1.18) | 70/1535 | 0.96 (0.72, 1.27) | 52/1601 | 1.46 (1.07–2.01) | |
| Insomnia symptoms and short sleep | 0.6297 | ||||||
| No | 5419/247 837 | 1.00 | 459/12 506 | 1.00 | 264/10 732 | 1.00 | |
| Yes | 698/24 656 | 1.14 (1.05–1.24) | 138/3085 | 1.09 (0.88–1.34) | 55/2085 | 1.01 (0.74–1.37) | |
| Cumulative poor sleep score | 1.02 (1.00–1.05)c | 0.99 (0.92–1.07)d | 0.99 (0.90–1.10)e | 0.6726 | |||
CI, confidence interval.
All models adjusted for age, marital status, income level, employment status, educational attainment, smoking status, alcohol use, binge drinking, physical activity, healthy eating index score, BMI, waist-to-hip ratio, diabetes, antidepressant use and inconsistent weekly sleep patterns (for sleep debt analyses only).
Bolded estimates and P-values are significant at the 0.05 significance level.
Number of events/person-years for all values of the cumulative poor sleep score for white participants: Score of 0 = 2623 events/127 320 person-years; 1 = 1839/79385; 2 = 965/ 40463; 3 = 460/17 963; 4 = 260/8448; 5 = 34/824.
Number of events/person-years for all values of the cumulative poor sleep score for black participants: Score of 0 = 135 events/3890 person-years; 1 = 187/4904; 2 = 155/3712; 3 = 74/1974; 4 = 41/972; 5 = 9/164.
Number of events/person-years for all values of the cumulative poor sleep score for Hispanic participants: Score of 0 = 103 events/4332 person-years; 1 = 86/3800; 2 = 72/2636; 3 = 37/1357; 4 = 21/666; 5 = 2/103.