Table 7.

Regression models examining how the built environment relates to happiness before and during COVID-19.

Variables	Happiness (Athens)
	Before COVID-19		During COVID-19		Change (Before – During COVID-19)
	1	2	1	2	1	2
Built environment
Distance to city center	0.096	0.050	0.128a	0.185⁎	-0.052	−0.147a
Neighborhood density	0.024	0.091	0.068	0.045	-0.049	0.028
Public transport		−0.089		0.070		−0.142
Local facilities		0.032		0.121		−0.096
Park area		−0.058		−0.064		0.018
Tree cover		0.053		−0.054		0.097a
Apartment		0.002		−0.067		0.069
Dwelling size		−0.030		−0.029		0.005
Summary statistics
N	470	465	470	465	470	465
Adjusted R-squared	0.057	0.050	0.084	0.089	0.042	0.055

Variables	Happiness (Thessaloniki)
	Before COVID-19		During COVID-19		Change (Before – During COVID-19)
	1	2	1	2	1	2
Built environment
Distance to city center	0.023	−0.072	−0.092	−0.096	0.108	0.042
Neighborhood density	−0.057	−0.225a	−0.130	−0.020	0.081	−0.108
Public transport		0.144		−0.045		0.134
Local facilities		−0.125a		−0.056		−0.046
Park area		0.044		0.094		−0.052
Tree cover		−0.121⁎		0.016		−0.110⁎
Apartment		−0.037		−0.051		0.018
Dwelling size		0.011		0.063		−0.058
Summary statistics
N	510	504	510	504	510	504
Adjusted R-squared	0.069	0.077	0.079	0.076	−0.005	−0.001

All coefficients shown are standardized. The models are adjusted for individual sociodemographic variables: age, age squared, gender, unemployment, cohabitation status, citizenship, income, education level, presence of children in household, religiosity, and disability. The models are also adjusted for area socioeconomic status: mean household income, proportion of immigrants, and unemployment rate. ⁎⁎ p < 0.01. ⁎⁎⁎ p < 0.001.

^ap < 0.10.

^⁎p < 0.05.