Table 10.

Regression models examining how the built environment relates to back pain before and during COVID-19.

Variables	Back pain (Athens)
	Before COVID-19		During COVID-19		Change (During – Before COVID-19)
	1	2	1	2	1	2
Built environment
Distance to city center	−0.097	−0.059	−0.126a	−0.086	0.060	−0.050
Neighborhood density	−0.184⁎	−0.271⁎	−0.207⁎	−0.226⁎	0.066	0.017
Public transport		0.164		0.019		−0.181
Local facilities		−0.036		0.087		0.172a
Park area		−0.005		0.000		0.008
Tree cover		−0.004		−0.057		−0.078
Apartment		−0.086a		−0.046		0.043
Dwelling size		−0.103a		0.030		0.175⁎⁎
Summary statistics
N	470	465	470	465	470	465
Adjusted R-squared	0.101	0.108	0.081	0.078	0.008	0.025

Variables	Back pain (Thessaloniki)
	Before COVID-19		During COVID-19		Change (During – Before COVID-19)
	1	2	1	2	1	2
Built environment
Distance to city center	−0.046	0.003	−0.116	−0.082	0.106	−0.119
Neighborhood density	−0.011	0.018	−0.038	−0.116	0.039	−0.184
Public transport		−0.008		0.192a		0.277⁎
Local facilities		0.031		−0.004		−0.044
Park area		0.056		−0.004		−0.075
Tree cover		0.035		0.085		0.074
Apartment		−0.082		−0.138⁎		−0.089
Dwelling size		−0.048		−0.081		−0.053
Summary statistics
N	510	504	510	504	510	504
Adjusted R-squared	0.076	0.068	0.093	0.101	0.004	0.015

All coefficients shown are standardized. The models are adjusted for individual sociodemographic variables: age, gender, unemployment, cohabitation status, citizenship, income, education level, presence of children in household, religiosity, and disability. The models are also adjusted for area socioeconomic status: mean household income, proportion of immigrants, and unemployment rate. ⁎⁎⁎ p < 0.001.

^ap < 0.10.

^⁎p < 0.05.

^⁎⁎p < 0.01