Table 1. Univariate analysis of preoperative risk factors for the development of AKI in derivation cohort.
| Characteristics | AKI (n = 219) | Non-AKI (n = 688) | Global cohort (n = 907) | P-value |
| ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; AKI: acute kidney injury; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; BMI: Body mass index; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; MI: myocardial infarction; NYHA: New York Heart Association. | ||||
| Demographics | ||||
| Age, yrs | 63.94 ± 8.56 | 61.96 ± 8.51 | 62.44 ± 8.56 | 0.003 |
| Age ≥ 70 yrs | 56 (25.57%) | 121 (17.59%) | 177 (19.51%) | 0.011 |
| Male gender | 157 (71.68%) | 511 (74.27%) | 668 (73.65%) | 0.481 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 26.26 ± 3.69 | 25.69 ± 3.22 | 25.80 ± 3.34 | 0.002 |
| ≥ 25 kg/m2 | 137 (62.56%) | 346 (50.29%) | 483 (53.25%) | 0.042 |
| Renal function | ||||
| eGFR, mL/min per 1.73 m2 | 83.66 ± 20.05 | 93.24 ± 15.55 | 90.93 ± 17.23 | 0.000 |
| > 60 mL/min | 186 (84.93%) | 653 (94.91%) | 839 (92.50%) | 0.000 |
| ≤ 60 ml/min | 33 (15.07%) | 35 (5.09%) | 68 (7.50%) | 0.000 |
| Serum Creatinine, mg/dL | 74.82 ± 23.18 | 74.21 ± 22.47 | 74.35 ± 24.25 | 0.746 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Family history | 19 (8.68%) | 45 (6.54%) | 64 (7.06%) | 0.290 |
| Hypertension | 161 (73.52%) | 427 (62.06%) | 588 (64.83%) | 0.002 |
| Smoking | 100 (45.66%) | 343 (49.85%) | 443 (48.84%) | 0.313 |
| peripheral-artery disease | 62 (28.31%) | 149 (21.66%) | 211 (23.26%) | 0.044 |
| Stroke | 5 (2.28%) | 11 (1.60%) | 16 (1.76%) | 0.555 |
| Diabetes | 88 (40.18%) | 256 (37.21%) | 344 (37.93%) | 0.472 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 1 (0.47%) | 0 | 1 (0.11%) | 0.241 |
| Cardiac status | ||||
| Recent MI (< 3 weeks) | 28 (12.79%) | 102 (14.83%) | 130 (14.33%) | 0.507 |
| MI (> 3 weeks) | 30 (13.70%) | 82 (11.92%) | 112 (12.35%) | 0.481 |
| Previous PCI | 28 (12.79%) | 118 (17.15%) | 146 (16.10%) | 0.238 |
| Left main stenosis > 50% | 38 (17.35%) | 136 (19.77%) | 174 (19.18%) | 0.490 |
| No. of narrowed coronary arteries | 3.26 ± 0.67 | 3.31 ± 0.68 | 3.29 ± 0.81 | 0.349 |
| ≥ three vessel disease | 202 (92.23%) | 641 (93.17%) | 843 (92.94%) | 0.650 |
| LVEF, % | 58.80 ± 8.26 | 58.74 ± 7.21 | 58.76 ± 7.47 | 0.952 |
| LVEF ≤ 0.45 | 21 (9.60%) | 38 (5.52%) | 59 (6.50%) | 0.041 |
| NYHA classification ≥ 2 | 39 (17.81%) | 148 (21.51%) | 187 (20.62%) | 0.251 |
| Baseline laboratory findings | ||||
| Haemoglobin, g/L | 136.49 ± 18.57 | 142.01 ± 15.48 | 140.68 ± 16.44 | 0.000 |
| Haemoglobin < 120 g/L | 32 (14.61%) | 50 (7.27%) | 82 (9.04%) | 0.002 |
| Platelet, g/L | 220.81 ± 64.77 | 227.70 ± 61.38 | 226.04 ± 62.25 | 0.154 |
| Serum urea nitrogen, mg/dL | 6.81 ± 2.35 | 5.92 ± 2.08 | 6.13 ± 2.19 | 0.000 |
| Serum uric acid | 364.34 ± 99.34 | 334.76 ± 88.02 | 341.90 ± 91.71 | 0.000 |
| Proteinuria | 58 (26.48%) | 137 (19.60%) | 195 (21.50%) | 0.047 |
| Serum triglyceride, mmol/L | 1.77 ± 1.22 | 1.91 ± 1.27 | 1.88 ± 1.26 | 0.127 |
| Serum cholesterol, mmol/L | 4.26 ± 1.13 | 4.31 ± 1.12 | 4.30 ± 1.12 | 0.581 |
| Preoperative medication | ||||
| ACEI or ARB | 65 (29.68%) | 182 (26.45%) | 247 (27.23%) | 0.383 |
| β-blockers | 174 (79.45%) | 540 (78.49%) | 714 (78.72%) | 0.850 |
| Calcium channel blockers | 30 (13.70%) | 81 (11.77%) | 111 (12.24%) | 0.478 |
| Diuretics | 27 (12.33%) | 90 (13.08%) | 117 (12.90%) | 0.818 |
| Statins | 196 (89.50%) | 574 (83.43%) | 770 (84.90%) | 0.030 |
| Aspirin | 174 (79.45%) | 520 (75.58%) | 694 (76.51%) | 0.272 |