Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study participants (N=879).
| Characteristics | Intervention (n=440) | Control (n=439) | Total | ||||
| Demographics | |||||||
|
|
Age (years), mean (SD) | 60.1 (10.6) | 60.7 (10.4) | 60.4 (10.5) | |||
|
|
Males, n (%) | 368 (83.6) | 364 (82.9) | 732 (83.3) | |||
| Participating institution, n (%) | |||||||
|
|
Inha university hospital | 323 (73.4) | 323 (73.6) | 646 (73.5) | |||
|
|
Chungbuk university hospital | 117 (26.6) | 116 (26.4) | 233 (26.5) | |||
| Education level, n (%) | |||||||
|
|
Elementary school or less | 51 (11.7) | 48 (11.0) | 99 (11.3) | |||
|
|
Middle school | 55 (12.6) | 55 (12.6) | 110 (12.6) | |||
|
|
High school | 205 (46.9) | 207 (47.4) | 412 (47.1) | |||
|
|
University | 102 (23.3) | 99 (22.7) | 201 (23.0) | |||
|
|
Graduate school or higher | 24 (5.5) | 28 (6.4) | 52 (6.0) | |||
| Income, n (%) | |||||||
|
|
Low | 57 (13.0) | 49 (11.2) | 106 (12.1) | |||
|
|
Middle-low | 58 (13.3) | 67 (15.3) | 125 (14.3) | |||
|
|
Middle | 251 (57.4) | 246 (56.3) | 497 (56.9) | |||
|
|
Middle-high | 56 (12.8) | 49 (11.2) | 105 (12.0) | |||
|
|
High | 15 (3.4) | 26 (6.0) | 41 (4.7) | |||
| Clinical data | |||||||
|
|
Acute myocardial infarction, n (%) | 219 (50.1) | 212 (49.3) | 431 (49.7) | |||
|
|
BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 25.0 (3.4) | 24.9 (3.1) | 24.9 (3.2) | |||
|
|
Waist circumference (cm), median (IQR) | 90 (85-96) | 90 (85-95) | 90 (85-96) | |||
|
|
Hip circumference (cm), mean (SD) | 94.2 (10.3) | 94.0 (11.2) | 94.1 (10.7) | |||
|
|
Total cholesterol (mg/dL), median (IQR) | 174 (145-209) | 171 (145-201) | 172 (145-205) | |||
|
|
Low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dL), mean (SD) | 110.8 (41.2) | 109.8 (38.1) | 110.3 (39.7) | |||
|
|
High-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dL), median (IQR) | 43 (37-51) | 43 (36-50) | 43 (37-51) | |||
|
|
Triglycerides (mg/dL), median (IQR) | 124 (89-186) | 125 (90-181) | 125 (90-185) | |||
|
|
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg), mean (SD) | 124.4 (18.9) | 126.1 (19.8) | 125.3 (19.4) | |||
|
|
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg), mean (SD) | 74.0 (12.4) | 74.7 (13.0) | 74.3 (12.7) | |||
|
|
Heart rate (beats/min), mean (SD) | 75.3 (12.3) | 76.5 (12.8) | 75.9 (12.6) | |||
| Risk factor level: low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol level ≥ 70 mg/dL, n (%) | 358 (81.9) | 372 (84.9) | 730 (83.4) | ||||
| Blood pressure, n (%) | |||||||
|
|
Systolic > 140 mmHg | 90 (20.6) | 75 (17.2) | 165 (18.9) | |||
|
|
Diastolic > 90 mmHg | 43 (9.8) | 33 (7.6) | 76 (8.7) | |||
| BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2, n (%) | 200 (45.8) | 205 (46.8) | 405 (46.3) | ||||
| Physical activity (metabolic equivalents-min/week), median (IQR) | 0 (0-720) | 0 (0-924) | 0 (0-777) | ||||
| Inactive (<600 metabolic equivalents-min/week), n (%) | 312 (71.4) | 293 (67.1) | 605 (69.2) | ||||
| Smoking status, n (%) | |||||||
|
|
Current | 189 (43.3) | 184 (42.1) | 373 (42.7) | |||
|
|
Former | 145 (33.2) | 146 (33.4) | 291 (33.3) | |||
| Diabetes, n (%) | 127 (29.0) | 129 (29.5) | 256 (29.2) | ||||
| Hypertension, n (%) | 212 (48.4) | 212 (48.4) | 424 (48.4) | ||||
| Achieving guideline levels, n (%) | |||||||
|
|
Low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol level < 70 mg/dL | 79 (18.1) | 66 (15.1) | 145 (16.6) | |||
|
|
Blood pressure < 140/90 mmHg | 330 (75.5) | 306 (69.9) | 636 (72.7) | |||
|
|
Exercising regularlya | 125 (28.6) | 144 (33.0) | 269 (30.8) | |||
|
|
Nonsmokers | 248 (56.8) | 253 (57.9) | 501 (57.3) | |||
|
|
BMI < 25 kg/m2 | 237 (54.23) | 233 (53.20) | 470 (53.71) | |||
|
|
All 5 key guideline levels | 8 (1.8) | 8 (1.8) | 16 (1.8) | |||
|
|
Achieving 4 of 5 key guideline levels | 55 (12.6) | 59 (13.5) | 114 (13.0) | |||
| Medications before admission, n (%) | |||||||
|
|
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker | 130 (29.7) | 158 (36.1) | 288 (32.9) | |||
|
|
Aspirin | 103 (23.5) | 118 (26.9) | 221 (25.2) | |||
|
|
β-Blocker | 48 (11.0) | 44 (10.1) | 92 (10.5) | |||
|
|
Statin | 117 (26.7) | 122 (27.9) | 239 (27.3) | |||
|
|
All 4 medications | 10 (2.3) | 16 (3.7) | 26 (3.0) | |||
aRegular exercise involves more than 30 minutes of moderate exercise performed ≥5 days/week.