Table 2.
Associations between Length of exposure to an Urban environment and Psychosis Phenotypes (N = 47,004)
| Psychoticism n = 1961 (4.2%) |
Paranoia n = 2572 (5.5%) |
Schizotypal symptoms n = 867 (1.8%)a |
Nuclear syndrome n = 116 (0.2%) |
Diagnosed Schizophrenia n = 63 (0.1%) |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) | OR | N (%) | OR (95%CI) | N (%) | OR (95%CI) | N (%) | OR (95%CI) | N (%) | OR (95%CI) | |
| Urban Exposure | ||||||||||
|
Total in 15 yearsb n = 47,004 (100%) |
3.6 (6.0) | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 3.9 (6.2) | 1.01 (1.00–1.02) | 4.4 (6.5) | 1.02 (1.01–1.03)*** | 4.0 (6.4) | 1.01 (0.98–1.04) | 5.5 (6.8) | 1.05 (1.02–1.09)** |
|
0 years (Ref) n = 33,550 (71.4%) |
1383 (70.5) | Ref (1) | 1763 (68.5) | Ref (1) | 557 (64.2) | Ref (1) | 81 (69.8) | 0.50 (0.15–1.63) | 36 (57.2) | Ref (1) |
|
1–5 years n = 1958 (4.2%) |
82 (4.2) | 0.82 (0.63–1.06) | 105 (4.1) | 0.86 (0.69–1.08) | 44 (5.1) | 1.11 (0.79–1.56) | 3 (2.6) | 0.61 (0.19–1.98) | 1 (1.6) | 0.43 (0.06–3.18) |
|
6–10 years n = 1598 (3.4%) |
81 (4.1) | 1.05 (0.80–1.37) | 116 (4.5) | 1.26 (1.01–1.57)* | 35 (4.1) | 1.06 (0.73–1.55) | 3 (2.6) | 1.30 (0.84–1.24) | 4 (6.3) | 2.46 (0.85–7.12) |
|
11–15 years n = 9898 (21.0%) |
415 (21.2) | 0.99 (0.87–1.13) | 588 (22.9) | 1.15 (1.03–1.28)* | 231 (26.6) | 1.44 (1.22–1.71)*** | 29 (25.0) | 1.02 (0.84–1.24) | 22 (34.9) | 2.35 (1.36–4.07)** |
Adjusted for age, sex and PHQ-9 score
For 1st five years also adjust for total years in 2nd and 3rd; for 2nd adjust for total in 1st and 3rd; for 3rd adjust for total in 1st and 2nd
aNuclear syndrome excluded from analysis
bmean (SD) were used to describe this variable
*P < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001