Table 4.
Associations between Etiological risk factors and Psychosis Phenotypes (N = 47,004)
| Psychoticism n = 1961 (4.2%) |
Paranoia n = 2572 (5.5%) |
Schizotypal symptoms n = 867 (1.8%)a |
Nuclear syndrome n = 116 (0.2%) |
Diagnosed Schizophrenia n = 63 (0.1%) |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) | OR | N (%) | OR (95%CI) | N (%) | OR (95%CI) | N (%) | OR (95%CI) | N (%) | OR (95%CI) | |
|
Male sex n = 23,444 (49.9%) |
993 (50.6) | 1.03 (0.94–1.13) | 1253 (48.7) | 0.95 (0.88–1.03) | 393 (45.3) | 0.83 (0.73–0.95)** | 59 (50.9) | 1.04 (0.72–1.50) | 38 (60.3) | 1.54 (0.93–2.56) |
| 1.20 (1.08–1.33)*** | 1.07 (0.98–1.17) | 0.88 (0.76–1.02) | 1.06 (0.73–1.55) | 1.61 (0.97–2.67) | ||||||
|
Ethnic Minority n = 4777 (10.2%) |
228 (11.6) | 1.18 (1.02–1.36)* | 278 (10.8) | 1.09 (0.96–1.24) | 87 (10.0) | 1.00 (0.80–1.25) | 11 (9.5) | 0.91 (0.49–1.70) | 9 (14.3) | 1.40 (0.69–2.83) |
| 1.01 (0.86–1.19) | 0.94 (0.81–1.09) | 0.85 (0.67–1.09) | 0.81 (0.42–1.53) | 1.30 (0.64–2.64) | ||||||
|
Low Family Income n = 6986 (14.9%) |
361 (18.4) | 1.32 (1.17–1.48)*** | 386 (15.0) | 1.03 (0.92–1.15) | 135 (15.6) | 1.08 (0.90–1.31) | 26 (22.4) | 1.63 (1.05–2.54)* | 23 (36.5) | 3.04 (1.81–5.11)*** |
| 1.11 (0.96–1.27) | 0.83 (0.73–0.94)** | 0.86 (0.70–1.06) | 1.32 (0.83–2.10) | 2.73 (1.62–4.60)*** | ||||||
|
Family history psychosis n = 338 (0.7%) |
32 (1.6) | 2.43 (1.68–3.50)*** | 30 (1.2) | 1.68 (1.15–2.45)** | 15 (1.7) | 2.47 (1.47–4.17)*** | 1 (0.9) | 1.21 (0.17–8.69) | 0 | – |
| 1.60 (1.04–2.48)* | 1.04 (0.68–1.61) | 1.61 (0.89–2.89) | 0.74 (0.10–5.55) | – | ||||||
|
Family history non-psychotic disorder n = 440 (0.9%) |
35 (1.9) | 2.01 (1.42–2.84)*** | 52 (2.0) | 2.32 (1.73–3.11)*** | 21 (2.4) | 2.66 (1.70–4.14)*** | 0 | – | 0 | – |
| 1.25 (0.83–1.89) | 1.63 (1.64–2.28)** | 1.80 (1.09–2.96)* | – | – | ||||||
|
Loss of parent n = 632 (1.3%) |
46 (2.3) | 1.83 (1.35–2.47)*** | 62 (2.4) | 1.91 (1.47–2.49)*** | 19 (2.2) | 1.67 (1.05–2.66)* | 1 (0.9) | 0.63 (0.09–4.55) | 0 | – |
| 1.31 (0.92–1.88) | 1.48 (1.09–2.00)* | 1.17 (0.70–1.97) | 0.43 (0.06–3.18) | – | ||||||
|
Physical abuse n = 14,785 (31.5%) |
1044 (53.2) |
2.61 (2.38–2.86)*** | 1281 (49.8) | 2.31 (2.13–2.50)*** | 464 (53.5) | 2.64 (2.30–3.02)*** | 69 (59.5) | 3.23 (2.22–4.68)*** | 33 (52.4) | 2.29 (1.39–3.76)** |
| 1.75 (1.58–1.95)*** | 1.62 (1.48–1.77)*** | 1.69 (1.46–1.96)*** | 1.88 (1.27–2.77)*** | 1.71 (1.03–2.85)* | ||||||
|
Sexual abuse n = 1360 (2.9%) |
121 (6.2) | 2.43 (1.93–2.84)*** | 146 (.7) | 2.13 (1.79–2.55)*** | 60 (6.9) | 2.52 (1.92–3.29)*** | 17 (14.7) | 5.89 (3.50–9.90)*** | 3 (4.8) | 1.77 (0.55–5.66) |
| 1.83 (1.09–1.76)** | 1.36 (1.10–1.69)** | 1.35 (0.98–1.86) | 2.63 (1.46–4.75)** | 1.01 (0.31–3.35) | ||||||
|
Neglect n = 16,056 (34.2%) |
1183 (60.3) | 3.09 (2.81–3.39)*** | 1487 (57.8) | 2.82 (2.60–3.06)*** | 552 (63.7) | 3.50 (3.04–4.02)*** | 70 (60.3) | 2.94 (2.02–4.26)*** | 37 (58.7) | 2.70 (1.64–4.46)*** |
| 1.86 (1.68–2.07)*** | 1.82 (1.66–1.99)*** | 2.10 (1.80–2.44)*** | 1.62 (1.10–2.39)* | 1.95 (1.17–3.26)* | ||||||
Adjusted for age and sex. Second row for each variable further adjusted for PHQ9 score
aNuclear syndrome excluded from analysis
*P < 0.05, **p < 0.01,***p < 0.001