Table 2.
Selected parameters of hair analysis for Synthetic Cathinones.
| NPS | Extraction Method | Analysis Method | LOD | LOQ | LOI/ LOR | Concentrations- Clinical/forensic samples (pg/mg) | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CATHINONES | |||||||
| pg/mg | |||||||
| Amfepramone | MeOH at 55 °C | LC-MS/MS | 4 | 8 | [20] | ||
| MeOH/ACN/aq. HCOONH4 at 40 °C | LC-MS/MS | 13 | 40 | [26] | |||
| MeOH/ HCL 0.1 M at 40 °C, pulverization | LC-MS/MS | 50 | -/100 | [21] | |||
| a-PBP | Basic digestion, SPE/Extrelut column | LC-MS | 0.02 ng/ 10-mm | 0.05 ng/10- mm |
[35] | ||
| MeOH/ACN/aq. HCOONH4 at 40 °C | LC-MS/MS | 6 | 17 | [26] | |||
| MeOH/ HCL 0.1 M at 40 °C, pulverization | LC-MS/MS | 10 | -/100 | [21] | |||
| α-PHP | SPE/Bond Elute Certify I | LC-MS/MS | 0.1 | 1 | 4700.0/ 0−2.5 cm3600.0/ 2.5 −5 cm |
[24] | |
| a- PPP | MeOH/ HCL 0.1 M at 40 °C, pulverization | LC-MS/MS | 10 | -/100 | [21] | ||
| MeOH/ACN/aq. HCOONH4 at 40 °C | LC-MS/MS | 13 | 25 | α-PPP < LOQ | [26] | ||
| a-PVP | Basic digestion, SPE/Extrelut column | LC-MS | 0.02 ng/ 10mm | 0.05 ng/ 10-mm | 0.8−1.2 ng/10- mm |
[35] | |
| SPE/Bond Elute Certify I | LC-MS/MS | 0.3 | 1 | 52.8/ 0−2.5 cm 24.4/ 2.5 −5 cm |
[24] | ||
| MeOH at 55 °C | LC-MS/MS | 2 | 4 | [20] | |||
| Acid digestion at 45 °C, PLE, SPE/C18 cartridge | LC-HRMS | 5 | 10 | [23] | |||
| MeOH/ HCL 0.1 M at 40 °C, pulverization | LC-MS/MS | 10 | -/100 | [21] | |||
| MeOH/ACN/aq. HCOONH4 at 40 °C | LC-MS/MS | 17 | 24 | α-PVP < LOQ | [26] | ||
| a-PVT | MeOH/ HCL 0.1 M at 40 °C, pulverization | LC-MS/MS | 10 | -/100 | [21] | ||
| Benzedrone | MeOH/ACN/aq. HCOONH4 at 40 °C | LC-MS/MS | 45 | 80 | benzedrone < LOQ 150 |
[26] | |
| Buphedrone | SPE/Bond Elute Certify I | LC-MS/MS | 1 | 5 | [24] | ||
| M3® reagent at 100 °C | LC-MS/MS | 2 | 20 | [29] | |||
| MeOH at 55 °C | LC-MS/MS | 4.2 | 8.4 | [20] | |||
| MeOH/ACN/aq. HCOONH4 at 40 °C | LC-MS/MS | 23 | 40 | [26] | |||
| Bupropion | MeOH/ACN/aq. HCOONH4 at 40 °C | LC-MS/MS | 17 | 18 | [26] | ||
| Buthylone | M3® reagent at 100 °C | LC-MS/MS | 2 | 20 | [29] | ||
| Cathinone | MeOH/ HCL 0.25 M at 50 °C | GC/MS | 3 | 20 | [19] | ||
| MeOH/ HCL 0.1 M at 40 °C, pulverization | LC-MS/MS | 10 | -/100 | [21] | |||
| MeOH/ACN/aq. HCOONH4 at 40 °C | LC-MS/MS | 23 | 55 | 100−1,270 390 (pubic hair) |
[26] | ||
| Dibutylone | MeOH/ACN/aq. HCOONH4 at 40 °C | LC-MS/MS | 14 | 23 | [26] | ||
| Diethylcathinone | M3® reagent at 100 °C | LC-MS/MS | 2 | 20 | [29] | ||
| Dimethylcathinone | M3® reagent at 100 °C | LC-MS/MS | 2 | 20 | [29] | ||
| Ethcathinone | M3® reagent at 100 °C | LC-MS/MS | 2 | 20 | [29] | ||
| SPE/Bond Elute Certify I | LC–MS/MS | 2.3 | 5 | 11.0/ 0−2.5 cm | [24] | ||
| MeOH at 55 °C | LC-MS/MS | 3.1 | 6.2 | [20] | |||
| 0.1 M HCOOH at 45 °C | LC-MS/MS | 20 | 20 | [25] | |||
| Ethylone | SPE/Bond Elute Certify I | LC-MS/MS | 0.1 | 1 | [24] | ||
| 0.1 M HCOOH at 45 °C | LC-MS/MS | 2 | 5 | [25] | |||
| M3® reagent at 100 °C | LC-MS/MS | 2 | 20 | [29] | |||
| MeOH/ACN/aq. HCOONH4 at 40 °C | LC-MS/MS | 7 | 12 | [26] | |||
| MeOH, MeOH/HCL 33 % | LC-MS/MS | 10 | [27] | ||||
| MeOH/ HCL 0.1 M at 40 °C, pulverization | LC-MS/MS | 10 | -/100 | [21] | |||
| Eutylone | MeOH/ACN/aq. HCOONH4 at 40 °C | LC-MS/MS | 16 | 23 | [26] | ||
| Heliomethylamine | MeOH/ACN/aq. HCOONH4 at 40 °C | LC-MS/MS | 7 | 8 | [26] | ||
| MDBC | MeOH/ HCL 0.1 M at 40 °C, pulverization | LC-MS/MS | 10 | -/100 | [21] | ||
| MDMC | MSPE: MeOH/ HCL 0.1 M at 60 °C, SPE/ C18 | LC-MS/MS | 1 | 2 | [33] | ||
| 0.1 M HCOOH at 45 °C | LC-MS/MS | 2 | 20 | [25] | |||
| M3® reagent at 100 °C | LC-MS/MS | 2 | 20 | [29] | |||
| MeOH at 55 °C | LC-MS/MS | 3.2 | 6.4 | 28 | [20] | ||
| MeOH, MeOH/HCL 33 % | LC-MS/MS | 10 | [27] | ||||
| MeOH/ HCL 0.1 M at 40 °C, pulverization | LC-MS/MS | 10 | -/100 | [21] | |||
| MeOH/ACN/aq. HCOONH4 at 40 °C | LC-MS/MS | 12 | 34 | [26] | |||
| MDPPP | MeOH/ACN/aq. HCOONH4 at 40 °C | LC-MS/MS | 7 | 22 | [26] | ||
| MeOH/ HCL 0.1 M at 40 °C, pulverization | LC-MS/MS | 10 | -/100 | [21] | |||
| MDPV | Basic digestion, SPE/Extrelut column | LC-MS | 0.02 ng/ 10-mm |
0.05 ng/10-mm | 16−22 ng/10-mm | [35] | |
| MSPE: MeOH/ HCL 0.1 M at 60 °C, SPE/ C18 | LC-MS/MS | 0.2 | 2 | [33] | |||
| Acid/basic digestion at 95 °C, LLE with hexane/EA | LC-MS/MS | 0.5 | LLOQ: 1 | 1000 | [36] | ||
| Acid digestion at 45 °C, PLE, SPE/C18 cartridge | LC-HRMS | 0.5 | 8 | [23] | |||
| SPE/Bond Elute Certify I | LC-MS/MS | 0.5 | 1 | [24] | |||
| Incubation at 95 °C, LLE with Hept/EA, DCM/Isopropanol | LC-HRMS- Orbitrap | 1 | 5/- | [30] | |||
| MeOH/ HCL 0.1 M at 40 °C, pulverization | LC-MS/MS | 1 | -/100 | [21] | |||
| 0.1 M HCOOH at 45 °C | LC-MS/MS | 2 | 5 | 50 | [25] | ||
| MeOH at 55 °C | LC-MS/MS | 2 | 4 | [20] | |||
| M3® reagent at 100 °C | LC-MS/MS | 2 | 20 | [29] | |||
| MeOH, MeOH/HCL 33% | LC-MS/MS | 10 | [27] | ||||
| MeOH/ACN/aq. HCOONH4 at 40 °C | LC-MS/MS | 10 | 23 | 20−800 | [26] | ||
| Mephtetramine | ACN/H20/ TFA at 40 °C | LC–HRMS-Orbitrap | 50 | 200 | [37] | ||
| Metamfepramone | MeOH/ACN/aq. HCOONH4 at 40 °C | LC-MS/MS | 7 | 10 | metamfepramone < LOQ 10 |
[26] | |
| Methcathinone or ephedrone (MC) | SPE/Bond Elute Certify I | LC-MS/MS | 1 | 5 | 1600.0/ 0−2.5 cm695.6/ 2.5 −5 cm |
[24] | |
| M3® reagent at 100 °C | LC-MS/MS | 2 | 20 | [29] | |||
| MeOH, MeOH/HCL 33 % | LC-MS/MS | 10 | [27] | ||||
| MeOH/ HCL 0.1 M at 40 °C, pulverization | LC-MS/MS | 10 | -/100 | [21] | |||
| MeOH/ HCL 0.25 M at 50 °C | GC/MS | 11 | 40 | [19] | |||
| MeOH/ACN/aq. HCOONH4 at 40 °C | LC-MS/MS | 15 | 29 | [26] | |||
| Methylbuphedrone | MeOH/ACN/aq. HCOONH4 at 40 °C | LC-MS/MS | 15 | 46 | [26] | ||
| MOPPP | MeOH/ HCL 0.1 M at 40 °C, pulverization | LC-MS/MS | 1 | -/100 | [21] | ||
| MeOH/ACN/aq. HCOONH4 at 40 °C | LC-MS/MS | 6 | 18 | 10 | [26] | ||
| MPBP | MeOH/ HCL 0.1 M at 40 °C, pulverization | LC-MS/MS | 1 | -/100 | [21] | ||
| MeOH/ACN/aq. HCOONH4 at 40 °C | LC-MS/MS | 9 | 23 | [26] | |||
| Naphyrone or naphthylpyrovalerone (NPV) | MeOH/ HCL 0.1 M at 40 °C, pulverization | LC-MS/MS | 1 | -/100 | [21] | ||
| M3® reagent at 100 °C | LC-MS/MS | 2 | 20 | [29] | |||
| SPE/Bond Elute Certify I | LC-MS/MS | 2.5 | 5 | [24] | |||
| MeOH/ACN/aq. HCOONH4 at 40 °C | LC-MS/MS | 6 | 18 | [26] | |||
| 0.1 M HCOOH at 45 °C | LC-MS/MS | 10 | 20 | [25] | |||
| N-ethylcathinone (EC) | MeOH/ HCL 0.1 M at 40 °C, pulverization | LC-MS/MS | 10 | -/100 | [21] | ||
| MeOH/ACN/aq. HCOONH4 at 40 °C | LC-MS/MS | 16 | 44 | [26] | |||
| N,N-DMC | MeOH/ HCL 0.1 M at 40 °C, pulverization | LC-MS/MS | 10 | -/100 | [21] | ||
| Penthedrone | M3® reagent at 100 °C | LC-MS/MS | 2 | 20 | [29] | ||
| Pentedrone | SPE/Bond Elute Certify I | LC-MS/MS | 0.4 | 1 | 198.4/ 0−2.5 cm586.2/ 2.5 −5 cm |
[24] | |
| 0.1 M HCOOH at 45 °C | LC-MS/MS | 2 | 20 | [25] | |||
| MeOH at 55 °C | LC-MS/MS | 3.9 | 7.8 | [20] | |||
| MeOH/ HCL 0.1 M at 40 °C, pulverization | LC-MS/MS | 10 | -/100 | [21] | |||
| MeOH/ACN/aq. HCOONH4 at 40 °C | LC-MS/MS | 18 | 39 | 7340 | [26] | ||
| Penthylone | M3® reagent at 100 °C | LC-MS/MS | 2 | 20 | [29] | ||
| Pentylone | SPE/Bond Elute Certify I | LC-MS/MS | 0.1 | 1 | [24] | ||
| 0.1 M HCOOH at 45 °C | LC-MS/MS | 2 | 20 | [25] | |||
| MeOH/ACN/aq. HCOONH4 at 40 °C | LC-MS/MS | 8 | 23 | [26] | |||
| MeOH/ HCL 0.1 M at 40 °C, pulverization | LC-MS/MS | 10 | -/100 | [21] | |||
| PMMC | SPE/Bond Elute Certify I | LC-MS/MS | 0.2 | 1 | [24] | ||
| MSPE: MeOH/ HCL 0.1 M at 60 °C, SPE/ C18 | LC-MS/MS | 1 | 2 | [33] | |||
| 0.1 M HCOOH at 45 °C | LC-MS/MS | 2 | 20 | [25] | |||
| MeOH/ACN/aq. HCOONH4 at 40 °C | LC-MS/MS | 4 | 18 | [26] | |||
| MeOH/ HCL 0.1 M at 40 °C, pulverization | LC-MS/MS | 10 | -/100 | [21] | |||
| Pyrovalerone | MeOH/ HCL 0.1 M at 40 °C, pulverization | LC-MS/MS | 1 | -/100 | [21] | ||
| MeOH/ACN/aq. HCOONH4 at 40 °C | LC-MS/MS | 8 | 14 | [26] | |||
| 2-FMC | Acid digestion at 45 °C, PLE, SPE/C18 cartridge | LC-HRMS | 4 | 50 | [23] | ||
| 2-Methoxymethcathinone | Acid digestion at 45 °C, PLE, SPE/C18 cartridge | LC-HRMS | 7 | 20 | [23] | ||
| 3,4-DMMC | SPE/Bond Elute Certify I | LC-MS/MS | 0.3 | 1 | 2800.0/ 0−2.5 cm572.6/ 2.5 −5 cm |
[24] | |
| M3® reagent at 100 °C | LC-MS/MS | 2 | 20 | [29] | |||
| 0.1 M HCOOH at 45 °C | LC-MS/MS | 5 | 20 | [25] | |||
| MeOH/ HCL 0.1 M at 40 °C, pulverization | LC-MS/MS | 10 | -/100 | [21] | |||
| MeOH/ACN/aq. HCOONH4 at 40 °C | LC-MS/MS | 17 | 43 | [26] | |||
| 3-FMC | MeOH/ HCL 0.1 M at 40 °C, pulverization | LC-MS/MS | 10 | -/100 | [21] | ||
| MeOH/ACN/aq. HCOONH4 at 40 °C | LC-MS/MS | 31 | 35 | [26] | |||
| 3-MMC | MeOH/ HCL 0.1 M at 40 °C, pulverization | LC-MS/MS | 10 | -/100 | [21] | ||
| MeOH/ TFA at 45 °C, after pulver. | LC-HRMS-Orbitrap | 20 | 100 | 25.800 | [38] | ||
| 4-BMC | MeOH/ACN/aq. HCOONH4 at 40 °C | LC-MS/MS | 52 | 95 | 2730 | [26] | |
| 4-FMC | SPE/Bond Elute Certify I | LC-MS/MS | 1 | 5 | 41.1/ 0−2.5 cm45.6/ 2.5 −5 cm |
[24] | |
| M3® reagent at 100 °C | LC-MS/MS | 2 | 20 | [29] | |||
| 0.1 M HCOOH at 45 °C | LC-MS/MS | 5 | 10 | [25] | |||
| MSPE: MeOH/ HCL 0.1 M at 60 °C, SPE/ C18 | LC-MS/MS | 5 | 10 | [33] | |||
| MeOH/ HCL 0.1 M at 40 °C, pulverization | LC-MS/MS | 10 | -/100 | [21] | |||
| 4-FPP | Acid digestion at 45 °C, PLE, SPE/C18 cartridge | LC-HRMS | 7 | 30 | [23] | ||
| 4-MBu | MeOH/ HCL 0.1 M at 40 °C, pulverization | LC-MS/MS | 10 | -/100 | [21] | ||
| 4-MEC | SPE/Bond Elute Certify I | LC-MS/MS | 0.4 | 1 | 2200.0/ 0−2.5 cm591.0/ 2.5 −5 cm |
[24] | |
| Acid/basic digestion at 95 °C, LLE with hexane/EA | LC-MS/MS | 0.5 | LLOQ: 1 | 30,000 | [36] | ||
| M3® reagent at 100 °C | LC-MS/MS | 2 | 20 | [29] | |||
| MeOH at 55 °C | LC-MS/MS | 3 | 6 | [20] | |||
| 0.1 M HCOOH at 45 °C | LC-MS/MS | 5 | 20 | < LOQ; 26 | [25] | ||
| MeOH/ HCL 0.1 M at 40 °C, pulverization | LC-MS/MS | 10 | -/100 | [21] | |||
| MeOH/ACN/aq. HCOONH4 at 40 °C | LC-MS/MS | 11 | 33 | [26] | |||
| 4-MMC | MSPE: MeOH/ HCL 0.1 M at 60 °C, SPE/ C18 | LC-MS/MS | 1 | 2 | [33] | ||
| SPE/Bond Elute Certify I | LC-MS/MS | 1 | 5 | 6200.0/ 0−2.5 cm1500.0/ 2.5 −5 cm |
[24] | ||
| 0.1 M HCOOH at 45 °C | LC-MS/MS | 2 | 20 | [25] | |||
| M3® reagent at 100 °C | LC-MS/MS | 2 | 20 | [29] | |||
| MeOH at 55 °C | LC-MS/MS | 2.4 | 4.8 | 50−59 | [20] | ||
| Enzymatic digestion, LLE with chloroform/EtOH/DEE | LC-MS/MS | 2.5 | 5 | 21.11 | [39] | ||
| Acid digestion at 45 °C, PLE, SPE/C18 cartridge | LC-HRMS | 4 | 10 | [23] | |||
| Incubation at 95 °C, LLE with Hept/EA, DCM/Isopropanol | LC-HRMS- Orbitrap | 5 | 50/- | [30] | |||
| MeOH/ACN/aq. HCOONH4 at 40 °C | LC-MS/MS | 7 | 10 | 220−3.500 mephedrone < LOQ |
[26] | ||
| MeOH, MeOH/HCL 33 % | LC-MS/MS | 10 | [27] | ||||
| MeOH/ HCL 0.1 M at 40 °C, pulverization | LC-MS/MS | 10 | -/100 | [21] | |||
| Neutral digestion at 40 °C, LLE with EA | GC-MS | 80 | 200 | 200−313,20 | [40] | ||
| 4-Methylnorephedrine | Enzymatic digestion, LLE with chloroform/EtOH/DEE | LC-MS/MS | 5 | 10 | [39] | ||