Table 3.
Urinary metal concentrations of all study participants and by country
| Metals | All countries (n = 1899) | Bangladesh (n = 541) | Indonesia (n = 177) | Nepal (n = 690) | Vietnam (n = 491) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted (μg/L) | |||||
| Arsenic | 56.2 (2.87) | 85.0 (2.54) | 53.1 (2.16) | 26.2 (2.09) | 107 (2.64) |
| Cadmium | 0.612 (3.02) | 0.786 (2.78) | 0.507 (2.56) | 0.387 (2.66) | 0.942 (3.19) |
| Lead | 1.44 (3.61) | 2.80 (2.99) | 0.840 (3.72) | 1.07 (3.05) | 1.29 (4.08) |
| Selenium | 11.0 (2.51) | 9.73 (2.13) | 18.1 (2.26) | 7.23 (2.45) | 19.0 (2.23) |
| Creatinine-adjusted (μg/g creatinine) | |||||
| Arsenica | 84.6 (2.52) | 134 (2.35)α | 47.7 (1.85)β | 49.5 (2.01)β | 133 (2.33)α |
| Cadmiuma | 0.885 (2.84) | 1.22 (2.73)α | 0.436 (2.04)γ | 0.684 (2.75)β | 1.15 (2.75)α |
| Leada | 2.09 (3.63) | 4.41 (3.23)α | 0.698 (2.89)δ | 1.95 (2.97)β | 1.49 (3.67)γ |
| Seleniuma | 16.5 (1.64) | 15.3 (1.55)β | 16.3 (1.37)β | 13.7 (1.50)γ | 23.7 (1.71)α |
Geometric mean (geometric standard deviation)
aResults of Tukey’s multiple comparison test. Different letters indicate significant differences for each metal between countries (α > β > γ > δ)