Table 2.

System parameters for simulations compared to experiments (Figs. 2 and 3) or used only for theoretical analysis (Fig. 4)

Property	Value (Figs. 2 and 3)	Value (Fig. 4)	Description
${\mathrm{p}\mathrm{H}}_{\mathrm{F}}$	6.$\mathrm{3}$*	7.0†	Feed pH
$c_{\mathrm{F},\mathrm{B}}$	0.37 m$\mathrm{M}$*	0, 0.37 m$\mathrm{M}$*	Feed boron concentration
EER	2.$\mathrm{57}\hspace{0.17em}\mathrm{\Omega }$‡	$\mathrm{0}\hspace{0.17em}\mathrm{\Omega }$ †	Electronic resistance
$p_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{A}}$	$\mathrm{0.70}$ *	0.70*	Macropores porosity
${\tau }_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{A}}$	$p_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{A}}^{-0.5}$=$\mathrm{1.20}$*	$p_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{A}}^{-0.5}$=$\mathrm{1.20}$*	Macropores tortuosity
$p_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}}$	0.$\mathrm{154}$*	0.172†	Micropores porosity
$C_{\mathrm{S},\mathrm{X}}=C_{\mathrm{S},\mathrm{Y}}$	200 F/mL‡	150 F/m L†	Stern capacitance
${\alpha }_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i},\mathrm{X}}$	0.5	0.5	Acidic groups volume fraction
$c_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{h}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{m},\mathrm{X},\mathrm{t}}$	0.80 M‡	0.25 M†	Concentration of acidic groups
$\mathrm{p}{K}_{\mathrm{X}\mathrm{H}}$	4.9‡	5.0†	Reaction’s pK in the acidic region
${\alpha }_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i},\mathrm{Y}}$	1-${\alpha }_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i},\mathrm{X}}$=0.5	1-${\alpha }_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i},\mathrm{X}}$=0.5	Basic groups volume fraction
$c_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{h}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{m},\mathrm{Y},\mathrm{t}}$	0.60 M‡	0.25 M†	Concentration of basic groups
$\mathrm{p}{K}_{{\mathrm{Y}\mathrm{H}}^{+}}$	8.5‡	9.0†	Reaction’s pK in the basic region

^*The values obtained from the experimental setup.

^† The values assumed for hypothetical pristine electrodes.

^‡ The values obtained from characterization experiments (SI Appendix, Section S3).