TABLE 1.
Clinical characteristics of 2328 people, 653 with type 1 diabetes, 505 with type 2 diabetes and 1158 without diabetes—with and without gustatory sweating
| Variable | Type 1 diabetes | Type 2 diabetes | Control group | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Total n = 2328 |
GS (n = 64) |
No GS (n = 589) |
p |
GS (n = 65) |
No GS (n = 440) |
p |
GS (n = 54) |
No GS (n = 1104) |
p |
| Male sex, % | 45 | 50 | .501 | 59 | 70 | .113 | 33 | 35 | .768 |
|
Age, years (median; range) |
52 ± 14 (51;17–86) |
52 ± 15 (52;16–90) |
.767 |
64 ± 12 (65;36–88) |
69 ± 10 (69; 26–91) |
.008 |
52 ± 13 (54; 20–74) |
52 ± 14 (52;16–82) |
.839 |
| Age at DM diagnosis, years | 28 ± 17 | 25 ± 15 | .150 | 51 ± 11 | 55 ± 12 | .044 | — | — | — |
|
Duration of DM, years (median; range) |
23 ± 14 (25.5;1–54) |
27 ± 14 (28;0–70) |
.182 |
14 ± 9 [10] (13;0–43) |
14 ± 9 [3] (13;0–51) |
.888 | — | — | — |
| Weight, kg | 76.1 ± 15 | 76.8 ± 15 | .703 |
93 ± 18.9 [10] |
92.3 ± 20.7 [5] |
.793 | 89 ± 22 | 81 ± 18 | .001 |
| Blood pressure, mmHg |
137/78 ± 18/11 [1] |
135/77 ± 17/10 [5] |
.265/.428 |
135/78 ± 14/9 [11] |
138/76 ± 16/10 [2] |
.17/.15 | — | — | — |
| HbA1c, % (mmol/mol) |
8.4 ± 1.3 (68 ±14) |
8.0 ± 1.1 (64 ±12) |
.007 |
7.9 ± 1.5 (63 ± 16) [10] |
7.9 ± 1.4 (63 ± 15) [4] |
.973 | — | — | — |
| U‐albumin/Creatinine‐ratio | 208 ± 1010 | 64 ± 272 | .361 | 134 ± 396 | 258 ± 717 | .252 | — | — | — |
| Nephropathy, % | .784 | [18] | [88] | .213 | |||||
| Normoalbuminuria | 69 | 73 | 57 | 49 | — | — | — | ||
| Microalbuminuria | 27 | 23 | 36 | 36 | |||||
| Macroalbuminuria | 5 | 5 | 6 | 16 | |||||
| Retinopathy, % | [15] | [85] | .076 | ||||||
| None | — | — | 67 | 56 | — | — | — | ||
| Non‐proliferative | — | — | 20 | 18 | |||||
| Proliferative | — | — | 13 | 27 | |||||
| Neuropathy (VPT ≥ 50 V), % | 11 [2] | 7 [25] | .285 | 3 [13] | 34 [18] | .785 | — | — | — |
| Self‐reported Kidney Disease (Control group) % | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0 | 0.9 | .483 |
Statistically significant p‐values are bold. Categorical data are presented in %, numerical data in mean ± 1SD. Number of missing (n) values are shown in square brackets []. No number in brackets indicates that this variable had no missing values.
Abbreviations: DM, Diabetes Mellitus; GS, Gustatory Sweating; V, Volt; VPT, Vibration Perception Threshold.