Figure 1.

Cross-lagged model with pain severity and pain catastrophizing. Bold lines indicate statistically significant paths. For visual parsimony, only significant path estimates are shown. All path estimates are standardized regression coefficients. The following covariates were included in the analyses but are not shown for parsimony: age, sex, race, anxiety, and depressive symptoms at baseline. Single-headed arrows indicate regression paths. Double-headed arrows indicate correlations. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001.