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. 2020 Nov 30;113(8):969–979. doi: 10.1093/jnci/djaa190

Figure 3.

Figure 3.

Similarities between the antiviral state and the irradiated state. 1) Cytosolic accumulation of nucleic acids triggers the innate immune response. PRRs recognize PAMPs or DAMPs (including DNA or RNA) that are located outside their normal subcellular location, and this initiates inflammatory signaling pathways; 2) Priming or cross-priming of antigen-specific T cells by APCs leads to generation of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells; 3) IFN-I response, ISG programs, and regulation of IFN signaling; 4) Evasion of host immune defenses and T-cell dysfunction; 5) Vaccine effect and immunologic memory. APC = antigen-presenting cell; ATP = adenosine triphosphate; Batf3 = basic leucine zipper transcription factor ATF-like 3; Blimp1 = B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein–1; cDC1 = conventional type 1 dendritic cells; cGAS/STING = cyclic GMP-AMP synthase/stimulator of interferon genes; CMV = cytomegalovirus; CTLA-4 = cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein 4; DAMP = damage-associated molecular pattern; DLN = draining lymph node; dsDNA = double-stranded DNA; Eomes = Eomesodermin; ER = endoplasmic reticulum; Flt3L = FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand; HCV = hepatitis C virus; HMBG1 = high mobility box group protein 1; ICD = immunogenic cell death; Id3= inhibitor of DNA binding 3; IFN- = interferon beta; IFN-I = type I interferon; IL-2 = interleukin-2; IRF = interferon regulatory factor; ISG = interferon-stimulated genes; IT = immunotherapy; LCMV = lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus; LGP2 = laboratory of genetics and physiology 2; MAVS = mitochondrial antiviral signaling; MHC-I = major histocompatibility complex class I; mtDNA = mitochondrial DNA; NFkB = nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer of activated B cells; PAMP = pathogen-associated molecular pattern; PD-1 = programmed cell death protein 1; PD-L1 = programmed death ligand 1; PRR = pattern recognition receptor; RIG-I = retinoic acid inducible gene-I; RLR = RIG-I–like receptor; RT = radiotherapy; SBRT = stereotactic body radiation therapy; TCR = T-cell receptor; TCF1 = T-cell factor 1; T-bet = T-box transcription factor; TEM = effector memory T cells; TEX = exhausted T cells; TLR = toll-like receptor; TME = tumor microenvironment; TOX = thymocyte selection-associated high mobility group box gene; TREX = 3-prime repair exonuclease 1; TRM = resident memory T cells.