Table 1.
Baseline data (n = 133)
| N | Intervention (N = 67) | Control (N = 66) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 133 | 58.7 ± 11.6 | 62.1 ± 9.1 |
| Sex (male) | 133 | 0.64 (43) | 0.62 (41) |
| Measures | |||
| Weight, kg | 133 | 111 ± 18 | 110 ± 17 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 133 | 34.9 ± 2.6 | 34.8 ± 3.0 |
| MET | 123 | 5.5 ± 0.9 | 5.3 ± 1.1 |
| HbA1c, % | 113 | 5.65 (5.30–6.00) | 5.60 (5.40–6.10) |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 133 | 0.99 (0.88–1.10) | 1.00 (0.82–1.18) |
| Echocardiographic measures | |||
| LVEF, % | 133 | 57.0 (53.0–60.0) | 60.0 (55.0–60.0) |
| LA vol biplane, mL | 80 | 75 (64–93) | 67 (56–78) |
| LV septum, mm | 116 | 11.3 (10.0–12.0) | 11.0 (10.0–12.1) |
| Co-morbidities | |||
| Hypertension | 133 | 0.81 (54) | 0.88 (58) |
| Hyperlipidaemia | 133 | 0.19 (13) | 0.26 (17) |
| Coronary artery disease | 133 | 0.15 (10) | 0.21 (14) |
| Previous stroke | 133 | 0.07 (5) | 0.06 (4) |
| Diabetes mellitus | 133 | 0.13 (9) | 0.21 (14) |
| Nicotine | |||
| Non-smoking | 130 | 0.41 (27) | 0.44 (28) |
| Former smoker | 0.44 (29) | 0.42 (27) | |
| Active smoker | 0.15 (10) | 0.14 (9) | |
| Type of AFa | |||
| Paroxysmal | 133 | 0.33 (22) | 0.52 (34) |
| Persistent | 0.67 (45) | 0.48 (32) | |
| History of AF (months) | 121 | 21 (7– 48) | 24 (10–48) |
| Number of previous electro cardioversions | 133 | 1.0 (0.0–2.0) | 1.0 (0.0–2.0) |
| CHA2DS2-VASc score | 133 | 2.0 (1.0– 3.0) | 2.0 (1.0–3.0) |
| EHRA score | 127 | 2.0 (2.0–3.0) | 2.0 (2.0–3.0) |
| Medication use | |||
| No oral anticoagulation | 133 | 0.12 (8) | 0.05 (3) |
| VKA | 0.16 (11) | 0.23 (15) | |
| NOAC | 0.72 (48) | 0.73 (48) | |
| No antiarrhythmic therapy | 133 | 0.52 (35) | 0.61 (40) |
| Amiodarone | 0.27 (18) | 0.24 (16) | |
| Flecainide | 0.18 (12) | 0.11 (7) | |
| Other (dronedarone, sotalol) | 0.02 (2) | 0.05 (3) | |
| Beta blockers | 133 | 0.78 (52) | 0.76 (49) |
b (a−c) represent the median b with interquartile range [IQR (lower quartile a and the upper quartile c)] for continuous variables. x ± s represents X ± 1 SD. N is the number of non-missing values. Numbers after proportions are frequencies.
AF, atrial fibrillation; BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin; LA, left atrial; LV, left ventricular; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; MET, metabolic equivalent; NOAC, novel oral anticoagulant; OR, odds ratio; VKA, vitamin K antagonist.
a
The difference between the treatment groups was significant (OR 0.4601, CI: 0.2256–0.9226) (see Supplementary material online S6 for abbreviations).