Table 4.
Secondary outcomes of impairment, balance, mood, cognition, and quality of life
| Variable | Exoskeleton n = 19 Mean (SD) | Usual Care n = 17 Mean (SD) | Group difference (95% CI) | F-statistic | p-valuea |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FMA-lower | |||||
| Baseline | 17.3 (6.6) | 17.5 (7.0) | |||
| Discharge | 23.0 (5.9) | 20.8 (7.1) | 2.3 (− 0.4–5.1) | F(1,33) = 2.95 | 0.09 |
| 6-month | 23.5 (6.0) | 22.0 (5.2) | 1.6 (− 1.4–4.5) | F(1,33) = 1.19 | 0.28 |
| BBS | |||||
| Baseline | 15.3 (10.0) | 19.2 (15.4) | |||
| Discharge | 36.6 (15.1) | 37.8 (17.3) | 1.4 (− 8.2–10.9) | F(1,33) = 0.086 | 0.77 |
| 6-month | 40.3 (14.3) | 43.0 (15.6) | − 0.5 (− 9.0–7.9) | F(1,33) = 0.017 | 0.90 |
| PHQ-9 | |||||
| Baseline | 7.2 (4.2) | 7.7 (6.4) | |||
| Discharge | 4.1 (3.3) | 6.1 (7.4) | − 1.6 (− 4.5–1.3) | F(1,33) = 1.289 | 0.26 |
| 6-month | 5.1 (4.0) | 6.8 (6.5) | − 1.4 (− 3.6–0.8) | F(1,33) = 1.599 | 0.22 |
| MoCAb | |||||
| Baseline | 22.4 (4.3) | 23.5 (5.0) | |||
| Discharge | 24.9 (5.2) | 24.6 (5.2) | 1.5 (− 0.2–3.1) | F(1,29) = 3.456 | 0.07 |
| 6-month | 24.6 (4.8) | 25.1 (4.9) | 0.4 (− 1.6–2.4) | F(1,29) = 0.185 | 0.67 |
| SF-36-physicalc | |||||
| Baseline | 30.2 (8.9) | 28.2 (6.5) | |||
| Discharge | 31.8 (9.7) | 28.7 (8.8) | 2.3 (− 3.9–8.5) | F(1,31) = 0.591 | 0.45 |
| 6-month | 33.5 (9.9) | 30.8 (10.5) | 1.9 (− 5.1–8.8) | F(1,31) = 0.298 | 0.59 |
| SF-36-mentalc | |||||
| Baseline | 51.0 (10.4) | 49.4 (12.4) | |||
| Discharge | 52.5 (12.6) | 52.6 (14.7) | − 1.1 (− 9.3–7.0) | F(1,31) = 0.079 | 0.78 |
| 6-month | 50.1 (12.5) | 52.4 (13.2) | − 3.2 (− 11.0–4.5) | F(1,31) = 0.723 | 0.40 |
BBS Berg Balance Scale, FMA-LE lower extremity component of Fugl-Meyer Assessment, MoCA Montreal cognitive assessment, PHQ-9 Patient Health Questionnaire, SD standard deviation, SF-36-Mental mental component of 36-item short form survey, SF-36-Physical physical component of 36-item short form survey
aAll outcomes analyzed using ANCOVA, using baseline score as covariate
bExoskeleton n = 17; Usual Care n = 15
cExoskeleton n = 18; Usual Care n = 16