TABLE 4.
Hazard ratios of cardiovascular disease for the top 10 frequently used single herbs in comparison with the matched non-CHM groups.
| Single herbs | Patients/total CHM users (%) | Adjusted HR (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | ||
| Corydalis yanhusuo (Y.H.Chou & Chun C.Hsu) W.T.Wang ex Z.Y.Su & C.Y.Wu (Yan Hu Suo) | 786/2,751 (28.6%) | 0.81 (0.64–1.02) | 0.81 (0.64–1.02) |
| Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (Dan Shen) | 598/2,751 (21.7%) | 1.02 (0.79–1.33) | 1.01 (0.77–1.32) |
| Rehmannia glutinosa (Gaertn.) DC. (Sheng Di Huang) | 573/2,751 (20.8%) | 0.73 (0.54–0.98)* | 0.77 (0.57–1.05) |
| Astragalus mongholicus Bunge (Huang Qi) | 565/2,751 (20.5%) | 0.98 (0.75–1.29) | 0.99 (0.75–1.31) |
| Scrophularia ningpoensis Hemsl. (Xuan Shen) | 557/2,751 (20.3%) | 0.83 (0.63–1.09) | 0.86 (0.65–1.14) |
| Paeonia × suffruticosa Andrews (Mu Dan Pi) | 548/2,751 (19.9%) | 0.87 (0.65–1.16) | 0.89 (0.67–1.19) |
| Pueraria montana var. lobata (Willd.) Maesen & S.M.Almeida ex Sanjappa & Predeep (Ge Gen) | 544/2,751 (19.8%) | 0.87 (0.67–1.14) | 0.88 (0.67–1.16) |
| Platycodon grandiflorus (Jacq.) A.DC. (Jie Geng) | 536/2,751 (19.5%) | 0.86 (0.65–1.13) | 0.88 (0.67–1.17) |
| Aconitum carmichaeli Debeaux (Fu Zi) | 532/2,751 (19.3%) | 0.87 (0.67–1.14) | 0.89 (0.67–1.16) |
| Rheum palmatum L. (Da Huang) | 531/2,751 (19.3%) | 0.82 (0.62–1.08) | 0.86 (0.65–1.15) |
Model 1: adjusted for age, gender, insured amount, and urbanization level.
Model 2: adjusted for age, gender, insured amount, urbanization level, comorbidities, and baseline drugs.
HR, hazard ratio; CHM, Chinese herbal medicine; CI, confidence interval.
*p-value < 0.05.