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. 2021 Sep 27;9:732820. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2021.732820

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Copyright © 2021 Kugler, Greenwood and MacDonald.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Glia-endothelial interactions. (A) Pathways across the BBB and BRB allow for the transport of various types of molecules. (B) Glial signaling impacts ECs [i.e., glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), Ang1, fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)] and in turn BBB stability (dotted arrow). (C) BBB stability is highly dependent on EC inter-cellular junction integrity including adherens junctions, gap junctions, junctional adhesion molecules, and tight junctions adapted from Abbott et al. (2006); Malik and Di Benedetto (2018).