TABLE 2.
Summary of nanofluids used in solar collector.
| Nanofluid | Nanoparticle size | Result | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nitrate eutectic salts seeded with silica | 10,20 and 30 nm | The 20 nm NP displayed a maximum enhancement in the average specific heat capacity (by ∼26.7%) | Hu et al. (2019) |
| Al2O3 | 20, 50 and 100 nm | The solar collector with 1.0 vol% Al2O3 nanofluid of 20 nm-NP and a mass flow rate of 0.047 kg/s showed the highest efficiency, 24.1% higher than that of the solar collector with water | Kim et al. (2017) |
| CeO2 | 25 nm | Experiments indicate that the highest rise in efficiency of the collector at zero value of is 10.74%, for volume fraction 0.066%, and for mass flux rate of 0.019 kg/s m2 compared to water | Sharafeldin and Gróf (2018) |
| CuO | 40 nm | These CuO nanofluid with mass flow rate of 1 kg/min increases the collector efficiency about 21.8% | Moghadam et al. (2014) |
| f-GNP | 20 nm | The highest thermal performance of a solar collector has reached 78% at mass concentration 0.1 mass% and flow rate 0.0260 kg s−1 m−2 which is 18.2% higher than water at the same flow rate conditions | Akram et al. (2019) |
| WO3 | 90 nm | The maximum enhancement in efficiency of the collector at zero value of was 13.48% for volume fraction of 0.0666% and mass flux rate of 0.0195 kg/s m2 | Sharafeldin et al. (2017) |
| Al2O3 | 20 nm | These nanofluid incorporated increases the collector efficiency about 23.6% | Mirzaei et al. (2018) |
| SiO2 | 20–30 nm | Solar collector performance is improved up to 0.92 with SiO2 nanofluid | Jouybari et al. (2017) |
| (Mixture of Al2O3 and TiO2) | 20 and 15 nm | Increasing the concentration of the 7 nanofluid mixture from 0.1 wt% to 0.2 wt% will result in approximately 5% 8 improvement in the thermal efficiency of the solar collector | Farajzadeh et al. (2018) |
| MgO | 40 nm | Experimental observation establishes thermal efficiency enhancement 9.34% for 0.75% particle volume concentration at flow rate 1.5 lpm | Verma et al. (2016) |
| GNPs | <100 | The results indicate that dispersing Graphene in the base fluid can increase thermal efficiency of the solar collector up to 18.87% | Ahmadi et al. (2016) |
| CF-MWCNTs + CF-GNPs + h-BN | Varied between 236.1 and 456.3 nm | The improvement in the thermal efficiency was up to 85% using hybrid nanofluid | Hussein et al. (2020) |
| CuO + MgO + MWCNTS | — | The performance of MgO hybrid was superior to that of CuO hybrid and close to the MWCNTs hybrid | Verma et al. (2018) |
| Al2O3+CuO | CuO = 29 nm; Al2O3 = 40 nm | The improvement in the solar collector’ efficiency was found to be 45% | Tahat and Benim (2017) |