Figure 1.

A, Percentage of duration of time spent with the left or right object on training day. Light gray bars denote the left object. Dark gray bars denote the right object. Sham and IUGR offspring spent an equal duration of time exploring left and right objects without sex differences. NS, No significance. B, Discrimination index [(time spent with novel object – time spent with old object)/time spent with novel object plus time spent with old object)] on testing day. +1, More time spent with the novel object; 0, no preference; −1, More time spent with the old object. IUGR females spent more time with the old object, demonstrating a lack of memory to the exposure of the old object from previous day compared with sham females. p = 0.048, IUGR females versus sham females. C, Percentage of time spent freezing in contextual conditioning. IUGR offspring of both sexes spent less time freezing when the audible tone was heard but no footshock followed. p = 0.039, IUGR females compared with sex-matched sham controls; p = 0.049, IUGR males compared with sex-matched sham controls. D, Percentage of time spent freezing in cued test. IUGR offspring of both sexes spent less time freezing when placed in the same chamber in which a previous audible tone gave rise to a footshock. p = 0.035, IUGR females compared with sex-matched sham controls; p = 0.048, IUGR males compared with sex-matched sham controls. Two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s HSD post hoc test was used to examine the effects of treatment (sham or IUGR), sex, or both sex and treatment on each main effect (percentage of time spent exploring left or right object, discrimination index, percentage of time freezing in contextual conditioning or cued test).