Table 3.
Unadjusted Analyses of Associations with COVID-19 Infection (N = 5 806 227)
| Variable | No COVID-19 Infection N = 5 546 131 |
COVID-19 Infection N = 260 096 |
Unadjusted Analysis |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) or Mean (SD) | N (%) or Mean (SD) | Hazard Ratio (95% CI) | P Value | |
| Noninfectious uveitis | 28 161 (0.5) | 1708 (0.7) | 1.25 (1.19, 1.31) | <0.001 |
| Age (yrs) | 50.1 (23.5) | 53.8 (22.2) | 1.006 (1.005, 1.006) | <0.001 |
| Continuous enrollment (yrs) | 6.5 (3.8) | 6.6 (3.8) | 1.001 (1.000, 1.002) | 0.30 |
| Gender | ||||
| Female | 2 848 089 (51.4) | 138 689 (53.3) | Reference | |
| Male | 2 695 085 (48.6) | 121 321 (46.6) | 0.94 (0.93, 0.94) | <0.001 |
| Unknown | 2957 (0.05) | 86 (0.03) | 0.56 (0.45, 0.69) | <0.001 |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| White | 3 578 712 (64.5) | 158 984 (61.1) | Reference | |
| Asian | 292 676 (5.3) | 7385 (2.8) | 0.60 (0.59, 0.62) | <0.001 |
| Black | 557 820 (10.1) | 29 477 (11.3) | 1.20 (1.18, 1.21) | <0.001 |
| Hispanic | 636 600 (11.5) | 39 646 (15.2) | 1.45 (1.43, 1.46) | <0.001 |
| Other/Unknown | 480 323 (8.7) | 24 604 (9.5) | 1.11 (1.10, 1.13) | <0.001 |
| Region | ||||
| South | 2 384 178 (43.0) | 119,328 (45.9) | Reference | |
| Midwest | 1 465 322 (26.4) | 69,910 (26.9) | 0.94 (0.94, 0.95) | <0.001 |
| Northeast | 603 354 (10.9) | 37,022 (14.2) | 1.22 (1.20, 1.23) | <0.001 |
| West | 914 564 (16.5) | 33 589 (12.9) | 0.77 (0.76, 0.78) | <0.001 |
| Other/Unknown | 178 713 (3.2) | 247 (0.1) | 0.03 (0.03, 0.04) | <0.001 |
| Homeownership | ||||
| Probable homeowner | 3 806 910 (68.6) | 174 451 (67.1) | Reference | |
| Probable renter | 421 650 (7.6) | 21 218 (8.2) | 1.15 (1.13, 1.17) | <0.001 |
| Unknown | 1 317 571 (23.8) | 64 427 (24.8) | 1.11 (1.10, 1.12) | <0.001 |
| Smoking status | ||||
| Never smoker | 805 248 (14.5) | 45 815 (17.6) | Reference | |
| Current/former smoker | 887 685 (16.0) | 50 792 (19.5) | 1.02 (1.01, 1.04) | <0.001 |
| Unknown | 3 853 198 (69.5) | 163 489 (62.9) | 0.79 (0.78, 0.79) | <0.001 |
| Asthma | 308 506 (5.6) | 19 114 (7.4) | 1.33 (1.31, 1.35) | <0.001 |
| Autoimmune disease | 400 567 (7.2) | 25 187 (9.7) | 1.34 (1.32, 1.36) | <0.001 |
| Cancer | 297 991 (5.4) | 16 326 (6.3) | 1.16 (1.14, 1.18) | <0.001 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 568 500 (10.3) | 42 505 (16.3) | 1.67 (1.65, 1.69) | <0.001 |
| Cerebrovascular | 255 328 (4.6) | 19 878 (7.6) | 1.69 (1.66, 1.71) | <0.001 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 413 847 (7.5) | 31 564 (12.1) | 1.67 (1.65, 1.69) | <0.001 |
| Chronic lung disease | 413 014 (7.5) | 29 058 (11.2) | 1.54 (1.53, 1.56) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes | 793 551 (14.3) | 57 009 (21.9) | 1.62 (1.61, 1.64) | <0.001 |
| Hemoglobin disorder | 8087 (0.2) | 510 (0.2) | 1.32 (1.21, 1.44) | <0.001 |
| HIV/AIDS | 11 157 (0.2) | 866 (0.3) | 1.67 (1.56, 1.79) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 1 902 370 (34.3) | 114 551 (44.0) | 1.43 (1.42, 1.44) | <0.001 |
| Liver disease | 10 363 (0.2) | 769 (0.3) | 1.72 (1.60, 1.85) | <0.001 |
| Neurologic disease | 207 005 (3.7) | 25 168 (9.7) | 2.84 (2.81, 2.88) | <0.001 |
| Obesity | 588 969 (10.6) | 39 911 (15.3) | 1.48 (1.47, 1.50) | <0.001 |
| Solid organ transplant | 15 075 (0.3) | 1033 (0.4) | 1.44 (1.35, 1.53) | <0.001 |
| Pregnancy | 58 723 (1.1) | 3586 (1.4) | 1.30 (1.26, 1.34) | <0.001 |
| Systemic corticosteroids | 585 400 (10.6) | 37 922 (14.6) | 1.34 (1.33, 1.36) | <0.001 |
| DMARDs | 49 539 (0.9) | 3016 (1.2) | 1.22 (1.18, 1.27) | <0.001 |
| TNF-α inhibitors | 15 731 (0.3) | 918 (0.4) | 1.20 (1.13, 1.28) | <0.001 |
| IL-6 inhibitors | 718 (0.01) | 42 (0.02) | 1.18 (0.87, 1.60) | 0.28 |
| Other biologics | 12 896 (0.2) | 784 (0.3) | 1.24 (1.16, 1.33) | <0.001 |
| Other immunosuppressive drugs | 19 496 (0.4) | 1210 (0.5) | 1.25 (1.18, 1.33) | <0.001 |
AIDS = acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; CI = confidence interval; COVID-19 = Coronavirus Disease 2019; DMARD = disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug; HIV = human immunodeficiency virus; IL-6 = interleukin 6; SD = standard deviation; TNF-α = tumor necrosis factor alpha.
P values calculated from Cox proportional hazards models. Reference groups for comorbidities and medications are the group of patients without the given disease or without a prescription for the given medication.