Table 5.
Univariate and multiple linear regression showing determinants of LA strain in an AF naïve population
| Univariate linear regression | Multivariable linear regression | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Reservoir strain | Conduit strain | Booster strain | Reservoir strain | Conduit strain | Booster strain | |||||||
| β | P values | β | P values | β | P values | β | P values | β | P values | β | P values | |
| Age, per year | − 0.11 | < 0.001* | − 0.19 | < 0.001* | 0.06 | < 0.001* | − 0.10 | < 0.001* | − 0.18 | < 0.001* | 0.04 | 0.018* |
| Gender | 1.17 | 0.102 | 1.45 | 0.050 | 0.66 | 0.196 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Systolic blood pressure, per mmHg | − 0.06 | 0.001* | − 0.07 | < 0.001* | 0.01 | 0.567 | 0.01 | 0.637 | − 0.01 | 0.891 | – | – |
| Diastolic blood pressure, per mmHg | − 0.07 | 0.027* | − 0.07 | 0.052 | − 0.01 | 0.599 | − 0.04 | 0.309 | – | – | – | – |
| Body mass index, per unit | − 0.10 | 0.120 | − 0.16 | 0.024* | 0.06 | 0.245 | – | – | 0.11 | 0.095 | – | – |
| Hypertension | − 0.52 | 0.392 | − 2.06 | 0.001* | 1.29 | 0.003* | – | – | 0.71 | 0.272 | 0.01 | 0.998 |
| Diabetes | 0.07 | 0.951 | − 2.36 | 0.044* | 2.00 | 0.014* | – | – | − 0.21 | 0.834 | 0.65 | 0.473 |
| Smoking history | 0.31 | 0.655 | − 1.38 | 0.056 | 1.59 | 0.001* | – | – | – | – | 1.33 | 0.014* |
| Hypercholesterolemia | − 0.46 | 0.626 | − 2.20 | 0.024* | 1.24 | 0.066 | – | – | − 0.21 | 0.771 | – | – |
| Familyhistory of SCD 1st degree relative | 0.67 | 0.566 | 0.24 | 0.843 | 0.68 | 0.424 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Family history of SCD 2nd degree relative | 0.56 | 0.540 | 0.26 | 0.786 | 0.34 | 0.613 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| SCD risk score | − 0.24 | 0.602 | − 0.85 | 0.067 | 0.56 | 0.080 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| VT | 0.17 | 0.864 | − 1.19 | 0.257 | 1.49 | 0.038* | – | – | – | – | 1.24 | 0.093 |
| TIA stroke | − 1.83 | 0.461 | − 1.98 | 0.442 | − 0.17 | 0.923 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Syncope | − 1.40 | 0.088 | − 2.34 | 0.006* | 0.60 | 0.313 | – | – | − 0.70 | 0.376 | – | – |
| NYHA class | − 1.84 | < 0.001* | − 2.63 | < 0.001* | 0.35 | 0.325 | − 1.07 | 0.042* | − 0.52 | 0.274 | – | – |
| LGE, presence/absence | − 2.15 | 0.012* | − 3.88 | < 0.001* | 1.33 | 0.030* | − 0.93 | 0.256 | − 1.86 | 0.007* | 0.71 | 0.254 |
| LGE, % | 0.02 | 0.561 | − 0.05 | 0.123 | 0.05 | 0.028* | – | – | – | – | 0.02 | 0.368 |
| LGE mass, grams | − 0.03 | 0.166 | − 0.05 | 0.017* | 0.01 | 0.409 | – | – | − 0.02 | 0.186 | – | – |
| Presence of sarcomeric variant | 0.88 | 0.166 | 2.49 | < 0.001* | − 1.37 | 0.002* | – | – | 0.24 | 0.722 | − 0.72 | 0.215 |
| Mitral regurgitation | − 3.26 | 0.001* | − 4.12 | < 0.001* | 0.16 | 0.816 | − 1.16 | 0.256 | − 2.89 | 0.001* | – | – |
| LV maximal wall thickness, mm | − 0.32 | < 0.001* | − 0.32 | < 0.001* | − 0.05 | 0.386 | − 0.20 | 0.021* | − 0.15 | 0.052 | – | – |
| LV mass, grams | − 0.03 | < 0.001* | − 0.02 | 0.003* | − 0.01 | 0.068 | − 0.01 | 0.035* | − 0.01 | 0.030* | – | – |
| LVOT max pressure gradient, mmHg | 0.08 | 0.462 | − 0.12 | 0.282 | 0.13 | 0.101 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| LVOT obstruction ≥ 30 mmHg, n, % | − 0.88 | 0.271 | − 1.01 | 0.223 | − 0.23 | 0.693 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| LVEDV index, mL/m2 | 0.02 | 0.383 | 0.06 | 0.003* | − 0.03 | 0.028* | – | – | − 0.04 | 0.278 | − 0.02 | 0.370 |
| LVESV index, mL/m2 | − 0.03 | 0.385 | 0.03 | 0.452 | − 0.05 | 0.088 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| LV stroke volume index, mL/m2 | 0.06 | 0.050 | 0.12 | < 0.001* | − 0.04 | 0.055 | – | – | 0.13 | 0.011* | – | – |
| LV ejection Fraction, % | 0.10 | 0.024* | 0.08 | 0.076 | 0.02 | 0.589 | 0.131 | 0.002* | – | – | – | – |
LGE late gadolinium enhancement (5-SD), LV left ventricle, LVEDV left ventricular end diastolic volume index, LVESV left ventricular end systolic volume index, LVOT left ventricular outflow tract, LVSV left ventricular stroke volume, NYHA New York heart association, SCD sudden cardiac death, TIA transient ischemic attack, VT ventricular tachycardia
*Indicates a significant difference of P < 0.05