Table 3.
Comparison of hospitalization and mortality between racial groups.
| Characteristic | Hospitalization | Mortality | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Black | Non-Black | P-value | Black | Non-Black | P-value | ||
| Overall – N (%) | 48/67 (71.6) | 58/126 (46.0) | .001 | 14/67 (20.9) | 20/126 (15.9) | .50 | |
| Ethnicity – N (%) | |||||||
| Hispanic | 2/4 (50.0) | 16/35 (45.7) | 1.0 | 2/4 (50.0) | 6/35 (17.1) | .18 | |
| Age – N (%) | |||||||
| <65 years | 22/32 (68.8) | 18/62 (29.0) | <.001 | 6/32 (18.8) | 5/62 (8.1) | .23 | |
| ≥65 years | 26/35 (74.3) | 40/64 (62.5) | .33 | 8/35 (22.9) | 15/64 (23.4) | 1.0 | |
| BMI – N (%) | |||||||
| Normal | 11/15 (73.3) | 15/34 (44.1) | .07 | 5/15 (33.3) | 8/34 (23.5) | .71 | |
| Overweight | 5/11 (45.5) | 15/35 (42.9) | 1.0 | 1/11 (9.1) | 3/35 (8.6) | 1.0 | |
| Obese | 32/40 (80.0) | 27/54 (50.0) | .006 | 8/40 (20.0) | 8/54 (14.8) | .70 | |
| Smoking status – N (%) | |||||||
| Former/current smoker | 15/18 (83.3) | 17/31 (54.8) | .06 | 6/18 (33.3) | 9/31 (29.0) | 1.0 | |
| Never smoker | 31/46 (67.4) | 40/93 (43.0) | .01 | 6/46 (13.0) | 11/93 (11.8) | 1.0 | |
| Unknown | 2/3 (66.7) | 1/2 (50.0) | 1.0 | 2/3 (66.7) | 0/2 (0.0) | .40 | |
| County of residence – N (%) | |||||||
| New York | 7/14 (50.0) | 16/27 (59.3) | .81 | 1/14 (7.1) | 7/27 (25.9) | .31 | |
| Brooklyn | 17/21 (81.0) | 12/27 (44.4) | .02 | 5/21 (23.8) | 1/27 (3.7) | .10 | |
| Queens | 0/1 (0.0) | 5/16 (31.2) | 1.0 | 0/1 (0.0) | 2/16 (12.5) | 1.0 | |
| Bronx | 13/17 (76.5) | 11/23 (47.8) | .10 | 7/17 (41.2) | 4/23 (17.4) | .19 | |
| Other | 3/4 (75.0) | 12/27 (44.4) | .33 | 0/4 (0.0) | 5/27 (18.5) | 1.0 | |
| Unknown | 8/10 (80.0) | 2/6 (33.3) | .12 | 1/10 (10.0) | 1/6 (16.7) | 1.0 | |
| Primary language English – N (%) | 42/57 (73.7) | 40/86 (46.5) | .002 | 13/57 (22.8) | 12/86 (14.0) | .25 | |
| Current living situation – N (%) | |||||||
| Alone | 13/19 (68.4) | 9/20 (45.0) | .25 | 4/19 (21.1) | 4/20 (20.0) | 1.0 | |
| Family | 25/36 (69.4) | 37/89 (41.6) | .009 | 4/36 (11.1) | 8/89 (9.0) | .98 | |
| Skilled nursing facility | 2/2 (100.0) | 4/5 (80.0) | 1.0 | 1/2 (50.0) | 3/5 (60.0) | 1.0 | |
| Unknown | 8/10 (80.0) | 8/12 (66.7) | .65 | 5/10 (50.0) | 5/12 (41.7) | 1.0 | |
| Employed – N (%) | 11/15 (73.3) | 16/45 (35.6) | .02 | 5/15 (33.3) | 6/45 (13.3) | .18 | |
| Worker in essential industry – N (%) | 6/8 (75.0) | 4/14 (28.6) | .07 | 4/8 (50.0) | 1/14 (7.1) | .04 | |
| Insurance – N (%) | |||||||
| Public | 39/49 (79.6) | 39/73 (53.4) | .006 | 11/49 (22.4) | 14/73 (19.2) | .83 | |
| Private | 9/18 (50.0) | 19/53 (35.8) | .43 | 3/18 (16.7) | 6/53 (11.3) | .86 | |
| Performance status – N (%) | |||||||
| <2 | 33/47 (70.2) | 38/101 (37.6) | <.001 | 9/47 (19.1) | 11/101 (10.9) | .27 | |
| ≥2 | 11/13 (84.6) | 12/14 (85.7) | 1.0 | 4/13 (30.8) | 6/14 (42.9) | .80 | |
| Number of comorbidities ≥3 – N (%) | 30/37 (81.1) | 29/49 (59.2) | .05 | 8/37 (21.6) | 12/49 (24.5) | .96 | |
| Comorbidity – N (%) | |||||||
| Asthma | 9/11 (81.8) | 6/10 (60.0) | .36 | 1/11 (9.1) | 3/10 (30.0) | .51 | |
| COPD/emphysema | 2/3 (66.7) | 2/2 (100.0) | 1.0 | 0/3 (0.0) | 2/2 (100.0) | .10 | |
| Obstructive sleep apnea | 4/4 (100.0) | 6/8 (75.0) | .52 | 1/4 (25.0) | 3/8 (37.5) | 1.0 | |
| Pulmonary embolism | 5/6 (83.3) | 3/5 (60.0) | .55 | 1/6 (16.7) | 1/5 (20.0) | 1.0 | |
| Hypertension | 37/50 (74.0) | 37/65 (56.9) | .09 | 12/50 (24.0) | 13/65 (20.0) | .77 | |
| Coronary artery disease | 7/7 (100.0) | 3/6 (50.0) | .07 | 3/7 (42.9) | 1/6 (16.7) | .56 | |
| CKD/ESRD | 9/11 (81.8) | 9/10 (90.0) | 1.0 | 2/11 (18.2) | 5/10 (50.0) | .28 | |
| Diabetes mellitus | 24/32 (75.0) | 25/38 (65.8) | .56 | 8/32 (25.0) | 8/38 (21.1) | .92 | |
| Autoimmune disease | 4/7 (57.1) | 6/11 (54.5) | 1.0 | 1/7 (14.3) | 4/11 (36.4) | .63 | |
| Cancer stage – N (%) | |||||||
| I/II | 20/26 (76.9) | 19/48 (39.6) | .005 | 5/26 (19.2) | 8/48 (16.7) | 1.0 | |
| III/IV | 25/38 (65.8) | 26/62 (41.9) | .03 | 9/38 (23.7) | 10/62 (16.1) | .50 | |
| Unknown | 3/3 (100.0) | 13/16 (81.2) | 1.0 | 0/3 (0.0) | 2/16 (12.5) | 1.0 | |