Table 2.
Means, Standard Deviations, and Effect Sizes of Primary and Secondary Outcomes for Training and Control Group
| Pre | Post | Pre-Post | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | M | SD | M | SD | d | |
| Current pain intensity (NRS) | ||||||
| Training group | 58 | 6.41 | 2.04 | 4.66 | 2.37 | 0.79 |
| Control group | 63 | 6.25 | 2.05 | 5.10 | 2.21 | 0.54 |
| Depression (DASS-D) | ||||||
| Training group | 61 | 8.15 | 5.30 | 6.13 | 5.29 | 0.38 |
| Control group | 64 | 8.81 | 5.80 | 6.52 | 5.32 | 0.41 |
| QLIP | ||||||
| Training group | 57 | 28.91 | 6.83 | 21.23 | 9.74 | 0.90 |
| Control group | 63 | 27.87 | 7.88 | 22.52 | 9.75 | 0.60 |
| Cheerfulness (STCI-S) | ||||||
| Training group | 51 | 2.20 | 0.72 | 2.52 | 0.78 | 0.43 |
| Control group | 52 | 2.17 | 0.59 | 2.57 | 0.64 | 0.64 |
| Seriousness (STCI-S) | ||||||
| Training group | 51 | 2.71 | 0.49 | 2.58 | 0.57 | 0.24 |
| Control group | 52 | 2.74 | 0.58 | 2.59 | 0.62 | 0.26 |
| Bad mood (STCI-S) | ||||||
| Training group | 51 | 2.23 | 0.74 | 1.86 | 0.71 | 0.52 |
| Control group | 52 | 2.33 | 0.75 | 1.86 | 0.68 | 0.66 |
| Self-enhancing humor (HSQ-SE) | ||||||
| Training group | 52 | 3.97 | 1.29 | 4.27 | 1.30 | 0.23 |
| Control group | 52 | 4.15 | 1.39 | 4.14 | 1.33 | 0.01 |
Note: Differences in noccur as not all scales have been completed by every participant. As the scales for secondary outcomes STHI-S and HSQ-SE were not included in the German Pain Questionnaire and were handed and filled out separately, a smaller sample resulted for these outcomes. Participants that only had completed secondary outcomes (n = 7) were not included in the quantitative analyses.
Abbreviations: DASS, Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scales; HSQ-SE, self-enhancing subscale of the Humor Styles Questionnaire; NRS, Numeric Rating Scale; QLIP, Quality of Life Impairment by Pain Inventory; STCI-S, State-Trait-Cheerfulness Inventory – state version.