FIGURE 3.

TDZD reduced the mRNA expression of pro‐inflammatory cytokines and increased the mRNA level of anti‐inflammatory cytokines after ischemia/reperfusion. (A–C) The mRNA expression of pro‐inflammatory factors (TNF‐α, IL‐1β, and iNOS) following 7 days of reperfusion. (D–F) The mRNA levels of anti‐inflammatory cytokines (CD‐206, YM1/2, arginase‐1). (G–J) The immunofluorescence staining of iNOS (G) and Arg1 (H) in microglia/macrophages and the quantitative statistical results of iNOS and Arg1‐positive cells in each group (I, J). Scale bar = 10 μm. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 versus the control group; #p < 0.05, ##p < 0.01, ###p < 0.001 versus the I/R group. One‐way ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc test was used for statistical analysis. I/R, ischemia/reperfusion; IL‐1β, Interleukin‐1β; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; Sevo, sevoflurane preconditioning; TNF‐α, Tumor necrosis factor‐α