Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Aug 15.
Published in final edited form as: Biol Psychiatry. 2021 Apr 14;90(4):253–262. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.04.002

Table 4.

Odds of ASD or DD in Offspring Associated with Maternal Psychiatric Conditions and SSRI Use During Pre-conception and/or Pregnancy, Study to Explore Early Development, 2002–2006 and 2008–2011 Births.

ASD DD POP ASD vs. POP DD vs. POP
nexposed nexposed nexposed Adj-ORc (95% CI) Adj-ORc (95% CI)
All Mothers a
 Maternal Psychiatric Condition (Psy Yes vs. Psy No)
  T0 448 550 416 1.61 (1.36 – 1.91) 1.41 (1.21 – 1.65)
  T1 293 356 225 1.91 (1.55 – 2.34) 1.65 (1.36 – 2.01)
  T2 304 348 218 2.04 (1.66 – 2.50) 1.65 (1.36 – 2.01)
  T3 323 368 241 1.95 (1.60 – 2.38) 1.59 (1.32 – 1.92)
  PG 348 404 264 1.93 (1.59 – 2.34) 1.60 (1.33 – 1.92)
 Maternal Psychiatric Condition and No Maternal SSRI Use (Psy Yes + SSRI No vs. Psy No)
  T0 329 392 328 1.50 (1.25 – 1.81) 1.28 (1.08 – 1.52)
  T1 179 212 144 1.78 (1.39 – 2.28) 1.50 (1.19 – 1.90)
  T2 190 206 140 1.96 (1.53 – 2.51) 1.47 (1.16 – 1.87)
  T3 206 221 160 1.83 (1.45 – 2.32) 1.41 (1.12 – 1.77)
  PG 223 248 177 1.81 (1.44 – 2.27) 1.44 (1.15 – 1.79)
Maternal Psychiatric Condition and Maternal SSRI Use (Psy Yes + SSRI Yes vs. Psy No)
  T0 95 137 70 1.98 (1.42 – 2.77) 2.10 (1.54 – 2.85)
  T1 86 120 63 1.98 (1.39 – 2.81) 2.06 (1.49 – 2.86)
  T2 92 104 64 2.04 (1.45 – 2.89) 1.80 (1.30 – 2.51)
  T3 98 109 67 2.18 (1.56 – 3.05) 1.77 (1.28 – 2.45)
  PG 115 145 81 2.05 (1.50 – 2.80) 1.92 (1.43 – 2.57)
Restricted to Mothers with Psychiatric Condition b
Maternal SSRI Use (Psy Yes + SSRI Yes vs. Psy Yes + SSRI No)
  T0 95 137 70 1.36 (0.96 – 1.94) 1.69 (1.21 – 2.35)
  T1 86 120 63 1.14 (0.76 – 1.72) 1.46 (0.99 – 2.15)
  T2 92 104 64 1.06 (0.71 – 1.57) 1.26 (0.85 – 1.87)
  T3 98 109 76 1.19 (0.81 – 1.75) 1.32 (0.90 – 1.92)
  PG 115 145 81 1.14 (0.80 – 1.62) 1.38 (0.98 – 1.95)

Adj-OR=Adjusted odds ratio; ASD=Autism spectrum disorder; CI=Confidence interval; DD=Developmental disorder; n=Number; OR=Odds ratio; PG=Anytime during pregnancy; POP=Population controls; SSRI=Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor; T0=3 months before conception; T1=Trimester one; T2=Trimester two;

T3=Trimester three

a

Reference group only includes children who were unexposed to both maternal psychiatric condition and SSRIs throughout pre-conception and pregnancy (ASD, n=867; DD, n=1157; POP, n=1216).

b

Reference group only includes children of mothers with an active maternal psychiatric condition during the specific time period and no SSRI exposure throughout pre-conception and pregnancy (ASD, n ranged from 179 to 329; DD, n ranged from 206 to 392; POP, n ranged from 140 to 328). Mothers in the reference group included those who used other forms of psychiatric treatment, including non-SSRI medications and therapy.

C

Adjusted ORs were adjusted by the following variables: maternal age (continuous), maternal race, maternal education, family income, and smoking history.