Table 1.

Summary of Notation

Symbol	Meaning
k	The number of loci that influence a quantitative trait
ℓ	The ploidy of the individuals being considered
M	An individual’s population membership; takes values A and B
L ij	An individual’s allelic type at the jth allele at the ith locus; takes values 0 and 1
p i	The frequency of the 1 allele at locus i in population A (Eq. 1)
q i	The frequency of the 1 allele at locus i in population B (Eq. 1)
$\overline{p}$	The mean frequency of the 1 allele across loci in population A (Eq. 2)
$\overline{q}$	The mean frequency of the 1 allele across loci in population B (Eq. 2)
$s_p^2$	The variance across loci in the frequency of the 1 allele in population A (Eq. 3)
$s_q^2$	The variance across loci in the frequency of the 1 allele in population B (Eq. 3)
V ij	An indicator for whether an individual’s jth allele at the ith locus is a + allele (Eq. 4)
T	An individual’s value for a quantitative trait (Eq. 4)
X i	An indicator for whether the 0 or the 1 allele is also the + allele at locus i (Eq. 5)
S	The number of 1 alleles an individual carries (Eq. 6)
δ i	The difference between populations in the frequency of the 1 allele at locus i (Eq. 8)
$\overline{\delta }$	The mean allele-frequency difference between populations, or $\overline{q}-\overline{p}$ (Eq. 9)
$\overline{{\delta }^2}$	The mean squared difference between populations in the frequency of the 1 allele (Eq. 10)
$F_{ST}^k$	The ratio of the mean (across k loci) within-population variance in an allelic indicator variable to the mean (across k loci) total variance in an allelic indicator variable (Eq. 14)
$D_L^2$	A function of $F_{ST}^k$ that bears the same relationship to $F_{ST}^k$ as the square of Cohen’s d does to r2 (Eq. 15)
$F_{ST(\ell )}^k$	A generalization of $F_{ST}^k$ for the sum of ℓ independent allelic indicator variables (Eq. 16)
$D_{L(\ell )}^2$	A function of $F_{ST(\ell )}^k$ that bears the same relationship to $F_{ST(\ell )}^k$ as the square of Cohen’s d does to r2 (Eq. 17)
U i	A transformation of the Xi: if Xi = 1, then Ui = 1; if Xi = 0, then Ui = −1 (Eq. 18)
D T	The standardized difference between populations A and B on the trait (Eqs. 25, 34)
${\rho }_T^2$	The proportion of the total variance in the trait attributable to between-population difference on the trait (Eqs. 26, 27, 41)
Q ST	A quantitative-trait analogue of FST: if ℓ = 1(haploid organisms), then $Q_{ST}={\rho }_T^2$ (Eq. 28)
W S	A quantity that equals 1 if an individual is classified into the wrong population on the basis of its value of S, and that equals 0 otherwise (Eq. 55)
W T	A quantity that equals 1 if an individual is classified into the wrong population on the basis of its value of T, and that equals 0 otherwise (Eq. 56)