Human dental pulp stem cell (hDPSC) layer formation on-chip. On day 1, hDPSCs in all groups presented a similar morphology consisting of polygonal-shaped cells, densely packed at the dentin surface (A–D). On day 7, cells in the Biodentine (F) and ProRoot (G) groups were similar to the control in cell density and shape (A, E), whereas cells in the Theracal (H) group were fewer and mostly presenting atypical morphology.