Relative risks of AML and MDS after autologous stem-cell transplant (CIBMTR data) or diagnoses (SEER data) for patients with multiple myeloma; adapted from Radivoyevitch et al.4 Patients receiving autologous transplant are at up to a 50-fold increased risk of developing AML compared to 10-fold and up to 100-fold risk of developing MDS compared to fivefold. CIBMTR, Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research; SEER, Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results Programme; AML, acute myelogenous leukaemia; MDS, myelodysplastic syndrome.