Figure 1.

The proposed scheme for the complexation of lutein and graphene oxide (GO) and the related mechanisms of the antioxidant process under exposure to blue light irradiation. (A) The reduction of GO caused by a separation of the oxygen functional groups from the surface functioned with lutein, transforming GO to the reduced form of rGO complexed the Lu–rGO. (B) A conceptual schematic of the macula/RPE cells under oxidative stress induced by incident blue light. (C) Cell protecting capability of the Lu–rGO complex via suppression of the generation of oxidative stress and reduction of the superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radicals as antioxidant pathways under blue light irradiation. (D) Possible surface interactions at biologically active interfaces binding with functional groups of biomolecules.