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. 2021 Oct 7;16:6843–6860. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S320790

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© 2021 Chae et al.

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Blue light-induced oxidative stress in ARPE-19 cells and the ROS-inhibition effect of the Lu–rGO complex. (A and B) OLED blue light source positioned at the bottom of the cell culture well-plate for upward stimulation of the cultured cells. (C) Digital image of the OLED device (top) in the well-plate. (D) Cell viability of GO and the Lu–rGO complex according to each concentration evaluated for 48 h by WST-1 assay (ARPE-19: control, GO: GO-treated-cells, and Lu–rGO: Lu–rGO complex-treated cells). (E) The inhibitory effect of ROS production of the Lu–rGO complex in ARPE-19 cells exposed to blue light as analyzed by DCFDA fluorescence assay (left) and the change in lysosome content of the Lu–rGO complex in ARPE-19 cells under blue light exposure as measured by DND-26 staining (right).

Abbreviations: ROS, reactive oxygen species; OLED, organic light-emitting diode; DCFDA, CM-H₂DCFDA; DND-26, LysoTracker Green DND-26; ARPE-19, untreated control; Blue light, blue light-irradiated cells; BL-Lu–rGO, blue light-irradiated cells treated with the Lu–rGO complex.