Table 2.
MRI and psychophysical result of patients with anosmia with various etiology and healthy control group
| Author | Anosmia patients | Healthy control | Psychophysical, physiological tests and questionnaire and notes | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Olfactory bulb volume (mm3) | Olfactory sulcus depth | Sniffin Sticks Score | Olfactory bulb volume (mm3) | Olfactory sulcus depth | Sniffin Sticks Score | ||||||||||||
| R | L | R | L | Total | T | D | I | R | L | R | L | Total | T | D | I | ||
| Various etiology | |||||||||||||||||
| (Chung et al. 2018) | 15.3 | 3.1 | 6.7 | 5.5 | Sniffin’ Sticks | ||||||||||||
| (Goektas et al. 2009) | 3.28 ± 4.29 | 2.8 ± 5.24 | 4.00 ± 2.61 | Sniffin’ Sticks | |||||||||||||
| (Fonteyn et al. 2014) | 16.0 (15.4–16.7) |
Sniffin’ Sticks *Results are a combination of anosmia and hyposmia |
|||||||||||||||
| (Rombaux et al. 2006b) | 50.67 | 72.90 |
Sniffin’ Sticks *Results are a combination of all participants |
||||||||||||||
| (Mueller et al. 2005) |
Trauma = 52.2 RVI = 57.5 |
Trauma = 54.5 RVI = 58.5 |
Trauma = 11.3 RVI = 18.4 |
93.5 | 91.6 | 31.6 |
Sniffin’ Sticks *Results are a combination of anosmia and hyposmia |
||||||||||
| (Bitter et al. 2010b) | 10.2 ± 2.7 | 14.9 ± 1.3 | Sniffin’ Sticks | ||||||||||||||
| (Peng et al. 2013) |
T&T score > 5.5 |
T&T score − 1.0–1.2 |
Toyota and Takagi olfactometry | ||||||||||||||
| (Rombaux et al. 2012) |
Trauma = 50.30 PIOD = 67.56 |
Trauma = 17.3 PIOD = 20.6 |
Sniffin’ Sticks | ||||||||||||||
| Ideopathic olfactory loss | |||||||||||||||||
| (Liu et al. 2018) | 31.94 ± 3.33 | 31.68 ± 3.24 | 14.16 ± 5.42 |
Sniffin’ Sticks Toyota and Takagi olfactometry |
|||||||||||||
| (Rombaux et al. 2010a) | 26.90 | 26.5 | 8.80 | 8.90 | 14.50 | 2.60 | 5.90 | 6.00 | 37.90 | 36.60 | 9.10 | 8.70 | 30.40 | 7.40 | 10.50 | 12.60 | Sniffin’ Sticks |
| (Yao et al. 2014) |
9.4 ± 3.6 T&T: 5.8 ± 0.2 |
29.9 ± 1.3 T&T: 0.6 ± 0.4 |
Sniffin’ Sticks Toyota and Takagi olfactometry |
||||||||||||||
| Upper respiratory tract infection | |||||||||||||||||
| (Yao et al. 2018) | 4.80 ± 2.40 |
Sniffin’ Sticks Toyota and Takagi olfactometry |
|||||||||||||||
| (Rombaux et al. 2006a) | 29.20 ± 7.2 | 26.90 ± 5.8 | 9.50 ± 1.9 | 8.60 ± 2.0 | 17.50 ± 5.20 | 4.1 ± 2.1 | 6.6 ± 2.1 | 6.8 ± 2.7 |
Sniffin’ Sticks *Results are a combination of anosmia and hyposmia |
||||||||
| (Rombaux et al. 2009a) | 49.20 ± 20.1 | 18.50 ± 6.8 | 3.1 ± 1.9 | 7.7 ± 3.1 | 7.6 ± 2.3 |
Sniffin’ Sticks *Results are a combination of anosmia and hyposmia |
|||||||||||
| Congenital anosmia | |||||||||||||||||
| (Karstensen et al. 2018) | 19.74 ± 21.16 | 21.15 ± 23.83 | 4.20 ± 3.25 | 3.33 ± 3.34 | 15.43 ± 4.99 | 2.43 ± 2.06 | 7.23 ± 2.38 | 5.71 ± 2.20 | 56.45 ± 21.51 | 59.41 ± 21.18 | 6.89 ± 2.42 | 6.63 ± 2.31 | 31.59 ± 4.80 | 8.09 ± 2.36 | 12.38 ± 2.23 | 11.13 ± 2.13 | Sniffin’ Sticks |
| (Yousem et al. 1996b) |
UPSIT score L: 5.2, R: 5.2, and total: 10.5 |
UPSIT score L: 18.5, R: 18.1, and total: 36.6 |
UPSIT | ||||||||||||||
| (Huart et al. 2011) | 5.50 ± 3.40 | 5.30 ± 3.40 | 13.40 ± 4.10 | 12.40 ± 3.40 | Sniffin’ Sticks | ||||||||||||
| (Abolmaali et al. 2002) | 6.40 ± 3.40 | 5.00 ± 1.40 | 8.90 ± 1.40 | 8.80 ± 1.50 | Sniffin’ Sticks | ||||||||||||
| (Peter et al. 2020) | 5.8 (3.6) | 4.9(3.3) | 10.9 (2.3) | 1.2 (0.5) | 4.9 (1.6) | 4.8 (1.5) | 8.8 (2.3) | 8.6 (2.3) | 35.4 (3.8) | 8.7 (3.2) | 13.5 (1.6) | 13.4 (1.3) | Sniffin’ Sticks | ||||
| Traumatic brain injury | |||||||||||||||||
| (Han et al. 2018) | 11.3 ± 2.70 | 1.1 ± 0.30 | 6.3 ± 2.30 | 3.9 ± 1.60 | 33.8 ± 3.10 | 7.8 ± 2.20 | 12.4 ± 1.70 | 13.6 ± 1.30 | Sniffin’ Sticks | ||||||||
| (Miao et al. 2015) | 27.41 ± 8.66 | 29.75 ± 9.07 | 8.18 ± 1.18 | 4.48 ± 1.45 | 5.38 ± 2.826 | 51.58 ± 16.93 | 49.95 ± 15.79 | 7.45 ± 1.34 | 6.70 ± 1.36 | 32.05 ± 2.89 | Sniffin’ Sticks | ||||||
| (Rombaux et al. 2006b) | 19.20 ± 9.1 | 17.6 ± 9.7 | 12.00 ± 5.8 | 2.52 ± 1.5 | 4.96 ± 2.30 | 4.64 ± 2.90 |
Sniffin’ Sticks *Results are a combination of anosmia and hyposmia |
||||||||||
| (Jiang et al. 2009b) | 45.2 | 46.3 | 59.7 | 66.0 | Phenyl ethyl alcohol (PEA) *odour detection threshold | ||||||||||||
| (Doty et al. 1997) |
UPSIT score: Back of the head: 15.38 ± 7.96 Side of the head: 16.31 ± 9.99 Front of the head: 19.90 ± 10.67 |
UPSIT | |||||||||||||||
L left, R right, HC healthy control, OFC orbital frontal cortex, Pt. patient, OB olfactory bulb, TDI score Threshold-Discrimination-Identification score, T threshold, D discrimination, I identification, OD olfactory dysfunction, IOL idiopathic olfactory loss, RVI respiratory viral infection, UPSIT University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test,
*Variables are presented as mean ± standard deviation unless mentioned