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. 2020 Oct 1;26(7):3253–3265. doi: 10.1038/s41380-020-00887-0

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a P11KO pups display increased ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs). The number of USVs over a period of 5 min was recorded at PND3, 6, 9, and 12 in wild-type (WT) and p11 knockout (p11KO) pups (mixed sex, see Supplementary Information). Significant effects of genotype (p < 0.001, F_(1,134) = 38.38), rearing (p < 0.001, F_(1,134) = 46.5) and age (p = 0.0001, F_(3,392) = 7.14) as well as genotype × age (p < 0.001, F_(3,392) = 23.99), rearing × age (p < 0.01, F_(3,392) = 4.92) and genotype × rearing × age (p < 0.01, F_(3,392) = 5.33) interaction. All data represent mean ± SEM. *p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001, versus corresponding WT; ^#p < 0.05, ^###p < 0.001, rearing difference within genotype; calculated by three-way ANOVA followed by Fisher’s LSD test. PND postnatal day. b Sound intensity of vocalizations was measured over 5 s immediately post-shock in the training trial of the passive avoidance (PA) test. P11KO mice vocalized more intensely (louder) after a mild electric shock exposure during PA training. Significant effects of genotype (p < 0.0001, F_(1,29) = 21.75) and sex (p < 0.0001, F_(1,29) = 20.10). c Step-through latency in the passive avoidance retention test 24 h following training was lower in p11KO mice (p < 0.05, F_(1,34) = 6.17). d Time spent in the light compartment of the 5-min light–dark exploration test indicated an anxiety-like phenotype in p11KO mice of both sexes (genotype effect, p < 0.05, F_(1,32) = 6.83). e Cumulative immobility time (floating) in the forced swim test confirmed a depressive-like phenotype in p11KO mice (p < 0.01, F_(1,31) = 9.28). All data represent mean ± SEM. ⁺p < 0.05, ⁺⁺p < 0.01, ⁺⁺⁺p < 0.001 overall genotype difference; *p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001, versus corresponding WT; ^#p < 0.05, ^###p < 0.001, sex difference within genotype; calculated by two-way ANOVA, followed by Fisher’s LSD test.