Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2021 Apr 7;26(7):3211–3222. doi: 10.1038/s41380-021-01069-2

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

PMC Copyright notice

Fig. 3 — A Overview of the analysis design. GWAS set 1 to obtain SNP set 1: 4 GWAS contrasting polytoxicomanic versus non-polytoxicomanic individuals (including healthy individuals) with slightly varied phenotype definitions (details in (B)) to identify SNPs that show consistent associations (p < 0.01) in all 4 GWAS. These SNPs are considered polytoxicomania and/or schizophrenia-associated. GWAS set 2 to obtain SNP set 2: SNPs associated exclusively with schizophrenia, but not polytoxicomania, resulting from GWAS 5 and/or 6 (p < 0.05) are subtracted from SNP set 1 (polytoxicomania and/or schizophrenia-associated), yielding the final set of polytoxicomania-relevant SNPs. B Diagram showing exact phenotype definitions and sample sizes per group for GWAS 1–6. C Detailed workflow of the novel GWAS–PGAS approach including clumping procedure to reduce number of SNPs in the final set.