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. 2021 Apr 8;26(7):2776–2804. doi: 10.1038/s41380-021-01061-w

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — A Pharmacogenomics. See also Tables 3 and S4. B New repurposed drugs using the panels of markers. See also Table 4. There is overlap between depression, bipolar and mania biomarkers. RPL3 could be targeted to treat mania with less risk of inducing depression. Six biomarkers (CD47, FANCF, GLO1, HNRNPDL, OLFM1, SMAD7) could be targeted to treat depression with less risk of inducing mania. Other six biomarkers (DOCK10, GLS, NRG1, PRPS1, TMEM161B, SLC6A4) could be targeted to treat depression fast/powerfully, but may induce mania, so need to be coupled with a mood stabilizer or antipsychotic. An example of the latter is SLC6A4. SSRIs should thus be used cautiously in monotherapy to treat depression, and clinicians should have a low threshold for adding mood stabilizers.