Table 1.

Overview of published pharmacokinetic (PK) etomidate models in the adult population

Study (year)	Population	N (male/female)	Blood PK samples		Patient characteristics	Drug administration	Models
			No. of samples	Last sample	Age/weight/height
Van Hamme (1978) [48]	Eye or ear surgery patients	8 (5/3)	14; venous	10 h postoperatively	29 years (18–42) 75.3 kg (52.2–102.0)	Induction dose of 0.3 mg/kg	3-compartment model
De Ruiter (1981) [51]	General surgery patients	8 (6/2)	16; venous	10 h postoperatively	31 years (19–65) 70 kg (54–84)	Bolus dose of 0.22 mg/kg	3-compartment model
Fragen (1983) [49]	Minor surgical patients	11(6/5)	21; arterial	4 h postoperatively	34.5 years (19–54) 71.4 kg (50–98) 172.4 cm (152–193)	0.1 mg/kg/min for 3 min, 0.02 mg/kg/min for 27 min, 0.01 for rest of surgery (maximum 109 min)	3-compartment model
Hebron (1983) [50]	Patients with maxillofacial surgery	6 (3/3)	Not well described; “Blood samples were drawn from the intra-arterial cannula at frequent intervals for the first 2 h and at 4-hourly intervals thereafter”		22 years (15–38) 62.3 kg (51–98) 167 cm (160–189)	0.3 mg/kg followed by 1–25 µg/kg/min for approximately 48 h	3-compartment model
Schüttler (1985) [52]	Healthy volunteers	6 (5/1)	40–60; venous	Approximately 5 h post-infusion	25.5 years (± 1.9) 73.5 kg (± 15.8)	Microprocessor controlled infusion to achieve 3 consecutive increasing plasma concentrations of 0.05 µg/mL/min	2-compartment model
Arden (1986) [53]	Elective surgical patients	21 (20/1)	7 arterial, 7 venous	Arterial: 120 min, venous: 12 h after beginning of the infusion	56.7 years (22–82) 81.9 kg (11.5)	5–10 mg/min until “stage 3” of anesthesia	3-compartment model
Kaneda (2011) [45]	Healthy volunteers	18 (10/8)	Irregular; arterial	Awakening	38.9 years (± 8.5) 63.6 kg (± 8.2) 166.8 cm (± 5.8)	5 mg/min until loss of eyelash reflexes	2-compartment model with no significant influence of tested covariates

h hours, min minutes