Table 2.
Results of univariate analysis
| Variables | NDR(n = 246) | DR(n = 185) | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| Male, n (%) | 155(63.0%) | 100(54.1%) | 0.061 |
| Age, years | 44.15 ± 11.23 | 48.92 ± 10.13 | 0.09 |
| Duration of diabetes, years | 5.25 ± 5.53 | 13.09 ± 7.75 | < 0.001** |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 23.99 ± 4.45 | 24.35 ± 3.63 | 0.033* |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 124.77 ± 20.64 | 138.14 ± 21.56 | 0.288 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 76.25 ± 13.45 | 79.22 ± 13.30 | 0.354 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 4.27 ± 1.06 | 4.47 ± 1.37 | 0.068 |
| Triglyceride, mmol/L | 1.69 ± 2.02 | 1.80 ± 1.83 | 0.56 |
| High-density lipoproteins, mmol/L | 1.28 ± 0.46 | 1.24 ± 0.38 | 0.133 |
| Low-density lipoproteins, mmol/L | 2.60 ± 0.87 | 2.80 ± 1.07 | 0.007** |
| Urea, mmol/L | 5.28 ± 2.31 | 9.17 ± 7.70 | < 0.001** |
| Serum creatinine, μmol/L | 72.27 ± 55.41 | 182.99 ± 259.27 | < 0.001** |
| Urinary microalbumin/creatinine, mg/g | 35.26 ± 140.81 | 266.95 ± 373.69 | < 0.001* |
| Fasting blood glucose, mmol/L | 9.061 ± 3.27 | 9.41 ± 3.80 | 0.047* |
| Postprandial blood glucose, mmol/L | 13.70 ± 5.04 | 13.37 ± 4.75 | 0.432 |
| HbA1c, % | 9.05 ± 2.22 | 8.53 ± 2.23 | 0.517 |
| Smoking, n (%) | 103(41.9%) | 64(34.6%) | 0.125 |
| Regular DR screening, n (%) | 85(34.6%) | 19(10.3%) | < 0.001** |
| Never DR screening, n (%) | 135(54.9%) | 84(45.4%) | 0.052 |
| First DR screening, years | 3.67 ± 4.31 | 10.39 ± 7.41 | < 0.001** |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 71(28.9%) | 102(55.1%) | < 0.001** |
| Coronary heart disease, n (%) | 23(9.3%) | 22(11.9%) | 0.393 |
| Diabetic nephropathy, n (%) | 3(1.2%) | 84(45.4%) | < 0.001** |
| Diabetic neuropathy, n (%) | 66(26.8%) | 84(45.4%) | < 0.001** |
Values are expressed as the mean ± SD or number (percentages).
BMI body mass index; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; DR diabetic retinopathy.
*P < 0.05 for T test or chi-square test; **P < 0.01 for T test or chi-square test