Table 2.
Overview of characteristic of decision models in type 2 diabetes (sorted by year of publication)
| Model | Intervention and comparator | Basic data entered | Risk factors (base case) | Discounting | Model outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Name | (base case) | ||||
| NIDDM [20] | NR | Age, sex, ethnicity, age at diagnosis of diabetes | Age, BMI, smoking, race, cholesterol, BP, income, physical activity, stress score marital status, occupation and family history of MI | NR | LY, ICER, costs, the cumulative incidence of complications |
| DCEM [12] | Intensive Glycemic control and conventional treatment | Age, sex, ethnicity, hypertension status, hypercholesterolemia status and current smoking status | NR | 3% per-annual | LY, ICER, QALY, the number of discounted QALYS, costs the cumulative incidence of complications |
| Archimedes [19] | Three main types of treatments (1) Insulin; (2) Oral drugs; (3) Lifestyle (diet and exercise) | NR | NR | NR | LY, ICER, QALY, costs, the cumulative incidence of complications, expected |
| CDM [27] | Multiple interventions (1) Conventional therapy, (2) Intensive therapy | Age, sex, ethnicity, duration of diabetes, HbA1c, smoking, BP, BMI, Lipid levels, baseline complications | Age, BMI, HbA1c, SBP, T- CHOL, HDL, LDL, TRIG, smoking, alcohol consumption, duration of diabetes | NR | LY, ICER, QALY, costs, the cumulative incidence of complications, an accept- ability curve and/or NHB |
| UKPDS-OM1 [21] | (1) Conventional blood glucose control; (2) Intensive blood glucose control | Age, sex, ethnicity, HbA1c, BMI, smoking, BP, HDL age at diagnosis of diabetes, atrial fibrillation at diagnosis, PVD at diagnosis, history of diabetes related events, risk factors | HbA1c, SBP, HDL, smoking | NR | LY, QALY, costs, the cumulative incidence of complications |
| Michigan [9] |
(1)diet and exercise; (2) oral anti-diabetic (3) insulin |
Age, sex, ethnicity, HbA1c,BMI, smoking, SBP, age at diagnosis of diabetes, length of time in the current health, hypertension, serum total cholesterol level | NR | NR | Health utility scores, costs, the cumulative incidence of complications |
| Cardiff [10] | NR | Age, sex, ethnicity, smoking, duration of diabetes, risk factors | HbA1c,SBP,HDL, Weight, total cholesterol | 6% per-annum (costs) 1.5% per-annum (benefits) | QALY, cost, total number of clinical events |
| ODEM [11] | A multidisciplinary primary care diabetes management program | Age, sex, ethnicity, HbA1c,BMI, smoking, SBP, DBP, HDL, total cholesterol, age at diagnosis diabetes, medical history, history of other medical conditions | HbA1c,SBP,HDL, total, cholesterol, smoking | 3% per-annual | LY, ICER, QALY, costs, the cumulative incidence of complications |
| Sheffield [22] | DESMOND intervention | Age, sex, ethnicity, HbA1c, BMI, smoking, SBP, HDL, total cholesterol, age at diagnosis of diabetes, therapy at entry | HbA1c,BP, lipid concentration, smoking | 3.5% per annum | LY, ICER, QALY, costs, CEAC, the cumulative incidence of complication |
| UKPDS-OM2 [28] |
(1) Conventional blood glucose control; (2) Intensive blood glucose control; |
Demographic factors(age, sex, BMI, ethnicity, duration of diabetes), risk factors, event history | HbA1c,SBP,HDL,LDL, eGFR, HR, PVD, smoking, WBC, atrial fibrillation, albuminuria, hemoglobin | NR | LY, QALY, costs, annual incidence of death or complications |
| ECHO [24] | Anti-diabetes treatment | Age, sex, HbA1c,BMI,SBP, HDL, duration of diabetes, history of pre-existing micro- and macro-vascular disease | Same with “basic data entered” | NR | LY, ICER, QALY, costs, mean survival, NMBs |
| IHE [136] |
(1)Improved lifestyle patterns; (2)drug therapy |
Age, sex, ethnicity, HbA1c,BMI, smoking, SBP, DBP, HDL, LDL, TC, WBC, HR, eGFR, duration of disease | Demographics(age, gender, ethnicity),biomarkers(HbA1c, SBP, DBP, TC, LDL, HDL, BMI, WBC, HR, eGFR), Pre-existing complications | NR | LY, ICER, QALY, NMBs the cumulative incidence of complications |
| COMT [147] | Anti-diabetic therapy | Age, sex, ethnicity, HbA1c, HDL, smoking, BP, history of cardiovascular disease, medication history, SR, urine albumin/creatinine ratio | Age, sex, ethnicity, smoking, BMI, SBP, total/HDL cholesterol age at diagnosis diabetes, history of diabetes complications | 5% per-annual | LY, ICER, QALY, cost DALY, the cumulative incidence of complications |
| CDS [154] | NR | Age, sex, ethnicity,HbA1c,BMI, smoking, SBP, HDL, LDL,HR, hemoglobin, albuminuria, PVD, eGFR, WBC, the baseline complications, age at diagnosis diabetes | Age, sex, ethnicity, smoking, HbA1c,BMI,SBP,HR, LDL,HDL, hemoglobin, albuminuria, PVD, eGFR, WBC | NR | LY, ICER, QALY, cost, the cumulative incidence of complications |
BMI Body Mass Index, BP blood pressure, CEAC cost-effectiveness acceptability curve, DBP diastolic blood pressure, DALY disability-adjusted life-year, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, HR heart rate, HDL high-density lipoprotein, ICER incremental cost-effectiveness ratios, LY life year, LDL low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, MI myocardial infarction, NHB net health benefit, NMB(s) net monetary benefit(s), PVD peripheral vascular disease, QALY quality-adjusted life year, SBP systolic blood pressure, T-CHOL/TC total cholesterol, TRIG triglycerides, WBC white blood cell, NR not reported