Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of children with bipolar disorder (BD); offspring of bipolar parents (OBP); offspring of comparison parents with non-BD psychopathology (OCP) and healthy offspring of healthy parents (OHP). In OBP and OCP, 23 participants had non-BD diagnoses and 29 were healthy.
| BDa (n = 21) | OBP (n = 25) | OCP (n = 27) | OHP (n = 32) | Statisticb,c | p valued | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age at scan (y), mean ± SDe | 13.89 ± 2.88 | 13.59 ± 2.49 | 13.12 ± 2.23 | 13.19 ± 2.57 | H [3] = 2.275 | 0.517 |
| Female/male | 14/7 | 12/13 | 12/15 | 14/18 | X2 [3] = 3.197 | 0.362 |
| Right/left-handed | 21/0 | 24/1 | 26/1 | 30/2 | X2 [3] = 1.355 | 0.716 |
| Non-BD diagnosis yes/no | 19/2 | 10/15 | 13/14 | 32/0 | X2 [2] = 13.447 | 0.001 |
| IQ, mean ± SD | 103.10 ± 14 | 99.76 ± 13.5 | 101.11 ± 12.1 | 103.44 ± 13.5 | H [3] = 1.963 | 0.580 |
| Socioeconomic statusf, mean ± SD | 3.48 ± 1.3 | 2.68 ± 1.3 | 3.33 ± 1.4 | 4.09 ± 1.2 | H [3] = 15.968 | 0.001 |
| SCAREDg - Parent Version, mean ± SD | 27.05 ± 16.53 | 10.36 ± 6.94 | 11.12 ± 11.25 | 3.75 ± 5.03 | H [3] = 41.391 | 0.001 |
| SCARED—Child Version, mean ± SD | 25.57 ± 18.76 | 14.20 ± 16.07 | 10.26 ± 13.87 | 7.81 ± 7.46 | H [3] = 15.771 | <0.001 |
| CALSh—Parent Version, mean ± SD | 30.42 ± 13.58 | 8.11 ± 10.39 | 4.65 ± 6.15 | 2.34 ± 2.95 | H [3] = 45.458 | <0.001 |
| CALS—Child Version, mean ± SD | 28.43 ± 16.2 | 10.92 ± 10.51 | 7.85 ± 11.18 | 3.09 ± 3.93 | H [3] = 37.850 | <0.001 |
| MFQi—Parent Version, mean ± SD | 23.47 ± 14.05 | 5.79 ± 7.75 | 3.42 ± 3.41 | 1.90 ± 3.60 | H [3] = 44.640 | <0.001 |
| MFQ—Child Version, mean ± SD | 19.95 ± 16.39 | 8.28 ± 8.32 | 8.00 ± 11.23 | 2.94 ± 4.28 | H [3] = 23.564 | <0.001 |
| KMRSj | 13.86 ± 11.19 | 2.12 ± 2.98 | 0.37 ± 0.79 | 0.13 ± 0.34 | H [3] = 35.270 | <0.001 |
| KDRSk | 12.19 ± 11.93 | 2.44 ± 4.43 | 1.93 ± 3.78 | 0.29 ± 0.69 | H [3] = 29.608 | <0.001 |
| Offspring Depressive spectrum disorders | 4 | 2 | 2 | 0 | ||
| Offspring Anxiety spectrum disorders | 14 | 4 | 10 | 0 | ||
| Offspring Behavioral disorder | 7 | 3 | 4 | 0 | ||
| Offspring ADHD | 11 | 5 | 2 | 0 | ||
| Parent (relative) Bipolar disorder | 21 | BD-I = 16/BD-II = 9 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Parent Depressive spectrum disorders | 4 | 2 | 19 | 0 | ||
| Parent Anxiety spectrum disorders | 7 | 21 | 19 | 0l | ||
| Parent Behavioral disorder | 3 | 18 | 4 | 0 | ||
| Parent ADHD | 1 | 9 | 2 | 0 | ||
| Parent Substance use disorders | 3 | 18 | 11 | 0 | ||
| Parent Axis II disorders | 4 | 12 | 4 | 0 |
aNine BD had BD I, six had BP II, six had NOS.
bThe H statistic refers to the Kruskal-Wallis test used to compare groups on non-normally distributed variables.
cThe chi2 statistic refers to the Chi-squared test used to compare groups on relative numbers of participants in specific categories.
dp values ≤ 0.05 are reported in bold characters.
eSD = standard deviation.
fSES (1 = 08–19, 2 = 20–29, 3 = 30–39, 4 = 40–54, 5 = 55–66).
gSCARED = Screen for Childhood Anxiety and Related Disorders (range, 0–82).
hCALS = Child Affect Lability Scale (range, 0–80).
iMFQ = Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (Parent version range, 0–68; Child version range, 0–66).
jKMRS = K-SADS Mania Rating Scale (range, 0–64).
kKDRS = K-SADS Depression Rating Scale (range, 0–61).
lOther than mild symptoms of anxiety disorders/PTSD.
As KMRS and KDRS were administered separately from the scan, regression analyses were performed between latency of KSADS ratings and FA in each of the four clusters showing a main effect of group. There was no significant effect of K-SADS latency on FA in each of these four clusters (Supplementary Materials).