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. 2021 Sep 28;12:730312. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2021.730312

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Copyright © 2021 Pei, Huang, Ni, Zhang, Niu and You.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Schematic diagram of the effect of ALT on cartilage degeneration. IL-1β induces the expression of pro-inflammatory factors, including iNOS, COX2, MMPs and ADAMTS5. IL-1β stimulates the degradation of Collagen II and the impairment of autophagy. Furthermore, IL-1β functions by activating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR, NF-κB signaling pathways, phosphorylating and translocating STAT3. As shown in the figure, the levels of P-PI3K, P-AKT, P-mTOR, P-IKB, P-P65, P-STAT3 and the translocation of P65 and STAT3 are increasing. However, ALT can attenuate these effects.