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. 2021 Oct 11;11:20130. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-99497-1

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Visual access to a female increases estrogen concentrations in the BST. (a) Location of the dialysis probes. IN probes are either within or touching the colored zones representing brain regions expressing aromatase. See legend of Fig. 1 for the definition of different brain areas. Black and open circles respectively represent birds in which estrogen concentrations did or did not increase above 150% of the baseline (BL) during the visual interaction period (last sample). (b) Time course of the mean percentage of estrogen concentration in the dialysate (based on the mean concentration measured in the last 3 BL samples). Friedman ANOVA: POM, χ²_n=20 = 9.241, p = 0.2358; BST, χ²_n=9 = 14.69, p = 0.0402; VMN, χ²_n=5 = 13.28, p = 0.0655; OUT, χ²_n=15 = 13.15, p = 0.0686. No post hoc comparison reached statistical significance. (c) Individual percent changes in estrogen concentration relative to BL in the three sampling periods for individuals whose probe was in the POM, BST, VMN, or outside any nuclei expressing aromatase (OUT). Friedman ANOVA: POM: χ²_n=20 = 1.532, p = 0.4649; BST: χ²_n=9 = 7.0, p = 0.0249, No post hoc comparison reached statistical significance; VMN: χ²_n=5 = 6.000, p = 0.0694; OUT: χ²_n=15 = 0.3415, p = 0.8430. View: Period when the male has visual access to the female, POST: Period after the behavioral test. The baseline amounts of estrogens per sample in this experiment ranged between 0.026 and 1.463 pg per sample (10 µl; Mean ± S.E.M. = 0.159 ± 0.027, n = 49). Panel A is composed of home made drawings onto which probe positions were reported using Graphic for Mac (https://graphic.com/mac/), other panels were created with Graph Pad Prism 8 (https://www.graphpad.com/scientific-software/prism/). All panels were assembled in Graphic.