Figure 3.

TLR signaling in liver immune pathogenesis. Macrophages and DCs express TLR1,−2−3−4−6−7−8−9−13 and TLR5 is only expressed in DCs. HSCs express TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9. Following activation by their respective ligands, TLRs induce TRIF and/or MyD88 signaling pathways, leading to the activation of NF-κB, AP-1, and IRF3 transcriptional factors, followed by the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IFN- α, IFN-β and IL-6. IFN-α, Interferon α; IFN-β, Interferon β; IL-6, Interleukin 6; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; TNF-α, Tumor necrosis factor α; TLR, Toll like receptor. Created with Biorender.