Table 1.
Summary of studies analyzing microbiota in chronic liver diseases.
| Disease | Characteristic changes in the gut microbiota (dysbiosis) | Sample | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| PBC | ↓ Sutterella, Oscillospira and Faecalibacterium and ↑ Haemophilus, Veillonella, Clostridium, Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella | Stool | (17) |
| PSC | ↑ Veilloneilla
↑ Escherichia, Lachnospiraceae, Megasphera and ↓ Clostridiales II ↓ Clostridiales II ↑ Ruminococcus and Fusobacterium, ↓ Dorea, Veillonella, Lachnospira, Blautia, and Roseburia ↑ Enterococcus, Streptococcus, Lactobacillus ↑ Rothia, Enterococcus, Streptococcus, Veillonella, ↑ Trichocladium griseum, Candida spp. ↓ Firmicutes spp. (Faecalibaterium and Ruminococcus) except ↑ of Veilloneilla, ↑ Proteobacteria; ↓ S. cerevisiae and ↑ Exophiala |
Stool Colon biopsies Colon + Ileum Stool Stool Stool Stool Stool |
(18) (19) (20) (21) (22) (23) (24) (25) |
| ALD | ↑ Candida, ↓ Epicoccum, ↓ Galactomyces
↑ Bifidobacterium, Streptococcus spp, Lactobacillus spp ↓ Prevotella, Paraprevotella, and Alistipes |
Stool Stool |
(26) (27) |
| NAFLD | ↑ Escherichia coli and Bacteriodes vulgatus, ↓ Ruminococcus spp., Eubacterium rectale, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii
↓ virus and bacteriophage diversity, ↑ Escherichia, Enterobacteria, and Lactobacillus phage ↑ Gemmiger, ↓ Faecalibacterium, Bacteroides and Prevotella ↑ Gemmiger, ↓ Bacteroides |
Stool Stool Stool Stool |
(28) (29) (30) (31) |
| NASH | ↑ Bacteroides, ↓ Prevotella
↓ Firmicutes and Clostridiales (Faecalibacterium and Anaerosporobacte), ↑ Bacteroidetes (Parabacteroides and Allisonella) ↑ Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, ↓ Actinobacteria, Firmicutes |
Stool Stool Stool |
(32) (33) (34) |
| Cirrhosis | ↑ Veillonella spp. and Streptococcus spp., ↓ Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes
↓ Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae and Blautia ↑ Staphylococcaeae, Enterobacteriaceae, Enterococcaceae and Enterococcaceae, ↓ Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae and Clostridiales XIV ↑ Candida spp. |
Stool Stool Stool Duodenal fluid |
(9) (35) (36) (37) |
| HCC | ↑ Bacteroide, ↓ Bifidobacterium, Blautia
↑ Escherichia coli Presence of H. pylori |
Stool Stool Liver |
(38) (39) (40) |
ALD, Alcohol-related liver disease; HCC, Hepatocellular carcinoma; NAFLD, Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; NASH, Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis; PBC, Primary biliary cholangitis; PSC, Primary sclerosing cholangitis; Underlined: fungi. ↓ decrease ↑ increase.