Table 3.
Baseline characteristics of study population grouped by smoking.
| Do you now smoking? | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Every day | Some days | Not at all | p-values | |
| (n = 805) | (n = 216) | (n = 1,338) | ||
| Demographic characteristics | ||||
| Female | 336 (41.7%) | 89 (41.2%) | 488 (36.5%) | * |
| Age (year) | 47.7 (16.0) | 46.2 (16.1) | 58.8 (17.0) | *** |
| Race | *** | |||
| Mexican American | 57 (7.08%) | 41 (19.0%) | 170 (12.7%) | |
| Other Hispanic | 41 (5.09%) | 14 (6.48%) | 118 (8.82%) | |
| Non-Hispanic white | 368 (45.7%) | 59 (27.3%) | 611 (45.7%) | |
| Non-Hispanic black | 233 (28.9%) | 64 (29.6%) | 256 (19.1%) | |
| Other Race—including multi-racial | 106 (13.2%) | 38 (17.6%) | 183 (13.7%) | |
| Weight (kg) | 82.7 (24.5) | 86.6 (21.6) | 87.4 (23.0) | *** |
| Height (cm) | 169 (9.31) | 170 (9.65) | 168 (9.43) | * |
| BMI (kg/m 2 ) | 28.8 (8.11) | 30.0 (6.86) | 30.8 (7.39) | *** |
| Marital status | *** | |||
| Married or living with partner | 397 (49.9%) | 105 (50.0%) | 809 (60.9%) | |
| Never married | 184 (23.1%) | 54 (25.7%) | 135 (10.2%) | |
| Widowed, divorced, or separated | 215 (27.0%) | 51 (24.3%) | 384 (28.9%) | |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| High blood pressure | 292 (36.3%) | 73 (33.8%) | 669 (50.2%) | *** |
| High cholesterol levels | 215 (26.9%) | 66 (31.3%) | 635 (47.9%) | *** |
| Diabetes | *** | |||
| Yes | 96 (11.9%) | 27 (12.5%) | 313 (23.4%) | |
| No | 695 (86.3%) | 183 (84.7%) | 975 (72.9%) | |
| Borderline | 14 (1.74%) | 6 (2.78%) | 49 (3.66%) | |
| Failing kidneys | 19 (2.39%) | 8 (3.81%) | 91 (6.86%) | *** |
| Anemia | 31 (3.86%) | 6 (2.79%) | 70 (5.25%) | 0.14 |
| Congestive heart failure | 27 (3.41%) | 5 (2.38%) | 101 (7.64%) | *** |
| Coronary heart disease | 29 (3.66%) | 9 (4.29%) | 123 (9.30%) | *** |
| Stroke | 59 (7.44%) | 8 (3.81%) | 93 (7.02%) | 0.17 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 107 (13.5%) | 13 (6.19%) | 128 (9.66%) | ** |
| Malignancy | 69 (8.68%) | 18 (8.57%) | 214 (16.1%) | *** |
| Renal function | ||||
| Blood Urea Nitrogen (mmol/L) | 4.83 (1.83) | 4.93 (1.84) | 6.05 (2.60) | *** |
| Creatinine, refrigerated serum (umol/L) | 79.1 (23.1) | 79.2 (21.9) | 88.1 (45.0) | *** |
| eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 96.5 (21.9) | 97.5 (21.7) | 84.1 (24.6) | *** |
| Uric acid (umol/L) | 321 (88.6) | 325 (81.9) | 347 (92.6) | *** |
| Albumin creatinine ratio (mg/g) | 37.1 (162) | 34.7 (168) | 58.4 (283) | 0.11 |
| Metabolites of nicotine | ||||
| Serum cotinine (ng/mL) | 263 (139) | 124 (140) | 35.8 (118) | *** |
| Serum hydrocotinine (ng/mL) | 102 (76.9) | 49.7 (57.6) | 16.0 (61.6) | *** |
*
p < 0.05,
**
p < 0.01,
***
p < 0.001 using statistical methods of ANOVA and Chi-squared test.