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. 2021 Sep 28;9:731028. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2021.731028

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Copyright © 2021 Xia, Li, Khalid, Bikson and Fu.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Effects of DCS on the BBB permeability (P) to charged solutes with similar size but opposite charge. (A) Comparison of in vivo BBB P to FITC-ribonuclease (+4) and that to FITC-α-lactalbumin (–10) under control and 5, 10, 15, 20 min after 20 min 1 mA (8 mA/cm²) -tDCS treatment. *,^@p < 0.05, compared with the corresponding controls at the same time; ^%p < 0.05 comparing P to FITC-ribonuclease with that to FITC-α-lactalbumin under control; ^#p < 0.05 comparing P to FITC-ribonuclease and that to FITC-α-lactalbumin 20 min post tDCS; n = 6 for each case. (B) Comparison of in vitro BBB P to FITC-ribonuclease and that to FITC-α-lactalbumin under control and after 10 min 1 mA/cm²-DCS treatment. *p < 0.05. The in vitro BBB was formed by hCMEC monolayer. n = 7 for the control of ribonuclease, n = 6 for all other cases.