Table 1.
Association of socio-demographic variables with students' depressive symptom.
| Variables | Depressive symptoma | |
|---|---|---|
| Frequency (% within column) | χ2 value (p) | |
| Gender | ||
| Male | 273 (39.2) | 33.72 (<0.001)** |
| Female | 423 (60.8) | |
| Age in years | ||
| 12 | 22 (3.2) | 26.03 (<0.001)** |
| 13 | 92 (13.2) | |
| 14 | 190 (27.3) | |
| 15 | 237 (34.1) | |
| 16 | 133 (19.1) | |
| 17 | 22 (1.0) | |
| Student grade | ||
| Class 8 | 204 (29.3) | 18.70 (<0.001)** |
| Class 9 | 316 (45.4) | |
| Class 10 | 176 (25.3) | |
| Birth order | ||
| 1st | 348 (50.0) | 2.35 (0.309) |
| 2nd | 229 (32.9) | |
| ≥ 3rd | 119 (17.1) | |
| Father's level of education (n = 1,450) | ||
| Primary education | 55 (12.0) | 4.21 (0.122) |
| Secondary/Higher secondary education | 139 (30.3) | |
| Graduation/above | 265 (57.7) | |
| Mother's level of education (n = 1,486) | ||
| Primary education | 75 (16.0) | 0.86 (0.649) |
| Secondary/Higher secondary education | 218 (46.4) | |
| Graduation/above | 177 (37.7) | |
| Total no of family members | ||
| ≤4 members | 409 (58.8) | 4.30 (0.038)* |
| ≥5 members | 287 (41.2) | |
| Residence | ||
| Urban | 304 (43.7) | 54.13 (<0.001)** |
| Semi-urban | 243 (34.9) | |
| Rural | 149 (21.4) | |
a
The cut-off of PHQ-9 ≥10 is used for the depressive symptom analysis.
*
The p value is significant at p = 0.05.
**
The p-value is significant at p < 0.01.