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. 2021 Sep 28;12:750753. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.750753

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Copyright © 2021 Wu, Gao, Kang, Wang, Niu, Liu and Zhang

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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B cell checkpoints in RA. B cell checkpoints provide signals for the survival, development, differentiation, inhibition and other physiological processes of all B cells. (A) stimulatory checkpoint. (B) inhibitory checkpoint. BCR,B cell receptor; CD40L, CD40 ligand; BAFF, B cell activating factor; BAFFR, B cell activating factor receptor; DAMP, damage- associated molecular pattern; PAMP, pathogen- associated molecular pattern; FcγRIIβ, Fc gamma receptor IIβ; IL-21R, IL-21 receptor; IL-6R, IL-6 receptor; PD1, programmed cell death 1; CTLA4, cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4.