Table 3.

Types of CHW incentives

Financial incentives	Nonfinancial incentives
Direct incentives
Terms and conditions of employment: salary/stipend, pension, insurance, allowances, leave	Job satisfaction/work environment: autonomy, role clarity, supportive/facilitative supervision, manageable workload
Performance payments: performance-linked bonuses or incentives	Preferential access to services: healthcare, housing, education
Other financial support: reimbursement of costs (travel, airtime), fellowships, loans, ad hoc	Professional development: continuing training, effective supervision, study leave, career path that enables promotion and moving into new roles
	Formal recognition: by colleagues, health system, community, wider society
	Informal recognition: T-shirts, name tags, access to supplies/equipment, bicycles, etc.

Health system	Community-level
Indirect incentives
Well-functioning health systems: effective management, consistent M&E, prompt monthly payments, safe environment, adequate supplies, and working equipment	Community involvement in CHW selection and training
Sustainable health systems: sustainable financing, job security	Community organizations that support CHWs
Responsive health systems: trust, transparency, fairness, consistency	CHWs witnessing visible improvements in health of community members
Complementary/demand-side incentives
Healthcare workers witnessing and grateful for visible improvements in health of community members made by CHWs	Community members witnessing and grateful for visible improvements in health of its members
Policies and legislation that support CHWs	Successful referrals to health facilities
Funding for CHW activities from state or communities	CHW associations