Table 5.
Dementia risk scores in relation to brain pathology markers
| Risk score | Study design | Biomarkers | Findings |
|---|---|---|---|
| CAIDE | |||
| Vuorinen et al., 2015 [43] |
Cohort, general population, Finland N = 181 Mean age, 50 years Follow-up, 30 years |
Brain cortical thickness, white matter lesions, medial temporal atrophy on MRI | Higher score associated with higher medial temporal atrophy, white matter lesions, and lower cortical thickness two to three decades later. |
| Enache et al., 2016 [44] |
Cohort, memory clinic patients SCI and MCI, Sweden N = 724 Age, > 40 years Follow-up, cross-sectional |
AD-related CSF markers | Higher score associated with CSF markers of neurodegeneration (↓Aβ and ↑total tau). |
| Stephen et al., 2017 [45] |
Cohort, at-risk for dementia, Finland N = 132 Age, 60–77 years Follow-up, 20–30 years |
Brain volumes and cortical thickness, medial temporal atrophy, white matter lesions on MRI, and amyloid positivity on PiB-PET | Higher score associated with lower volumes and cortical thickness, medial temporal atrophy, and white matter lesions but not with amyloid on PiB-PET. |
| Hooshmand et al., 2018 [46] |
Cohort, without dementia at baseline, Finland N = 149 Age, ≥ 85 years Follow-up, 10 years |
Brain pathology at autopsy | Higher score associated with increased cerebral infractions. |
| O’Brien et al., 2019 [47] |
Cohort, middle-aged healthy adults, UK N = 149 Age, 40–59 years Follow-up, 2 years |
Rate of change in brain and ventricular volumes on MRI | Higher score associated with progressive brain atrophy rates. |
| ANU-ADRI | |||
| Cherbuin et al., 2019 [48] |
Cohort, individuals free of dementia, Australia N = 461 Age, 60–64 years Follow-up, 12 years |
Total and regional brain volumes on MRI | Higher score was associated with lower cortical gray matter particularly in the default mode network. |
Aβ amyloid-beta, AD Alzheimer’s disease, ANU-ADRI Australian National University Alzheimer’s Disease Risk Index, CSF cerebrospinal fluid, MRI magnetic resonance imaging, PiB-PET Pittsburgh compound B-positron emission tomography, MCI mild cognitive impairment, SCI subjective cognitive impairment