Table 2.

Impact of different DFM supplementation on pre-weaning or weaning young ruminants’ health and performance

DFM	Dosage	Delivery method	Animal	Health	Performance	Reference
L. plantarum GB LP-1	4 g: 4.8 × 109 cfu/d 8 g: 9.6 × 109 cfu/d	In milk replacer	Neonatal dairy calves	Fecal scores improved with increasing inclusion rates	Increased weight gain and feed efficiency; similar starter intake; greatest feed efficiency at 4 g/d	[15]
L. casei DSPV 318 T L. salivarius DSPV 315 T P. acidilactici DSPV 006 T	3 × 109 cfu/kg BW	Suspended in 0.15 mol/L NaCl	Pre-weaning dairy calves	Lower fecal consistency index	Higher ADG, starter intake; earlier consumption of starter and earlier development of the rumen	[32]
L. animalis SB310 L. paracasei SB137 B. coagulans SB117	30:35:35: 1.8 × 1010 cfu/d	In milk replacer	First-month dairy calves	Lower incidence of diarrhea	Improved BW, total concentrate intake, heart girth	[50]
B. subtilis	3 × 109 cfu/dose	In electrolyte	Pre-weaning scouring dairy calves	Promoted T cell subsets, alleviated inflammation	–	[100]
S. cerevisiae boulardii	0.5 g/d	In milk and/or grain	Neonatal dairy calves with failure of passive transfer	Supplementation in grain: decreased days in diarrhea	Supplementation in grain: more starter intake and faster growth prior to weaning	[101]
S. cerevisiae boulardii CNCM I-1079	10 × 109 cfu/d	In milk replacer	Pre-weaning dairy calves	Alleviated diarrhea and maintained a health bacterial community with Fecalibacterium as the predominant genus	No effect on feed intake; similar ADG between diarrheic calves fed with yeast and nondiarrheic calves	[14]
S. cerevisiae boulardii	1 × 1010 cfu/d	In milk replacer	Pre-weaning dairy calves	No effect on health scores, fecal biomarkers of gut health	No effect on intake, metabolizable energy intake, ADG, feed efficiency	[102]
C. tropicalis	5 × 109 cfu/d	In the basal diet	Preweaning dairy calves with E. coli K99 challenge	Lower copy numbers of E. coli K99 in jejunum digesta; reduced days of diarrhea	No effect on ADG and DMI	[103]
D. hansenii CBS 8339	0.7 g/kg BW/d	In milk	Newborn goats with E. coli challenge	Enhanced respiratory burst, catalase activity, superoxide dismutase activity after challenge at d 15; increased peroxidase activity, nitric oxide production, catalase activity after challenge at d 30; upregulated expression of genes TLR (2, 4, 6), modulator genes Raf.1, Syk and Myd88, transcription factor gene AP-1, and cytokine genes IL-1β and TNF-α at d 15	–	[104]
S. cerevisiae boulardii or L. acidophilus	SCB: 7.5 × 108 cfu/L milk replacer + 3 × 109 cfu/kg starter; LA: .5 × 108 cfu/L milk replacer + 1 × 109 cfu/kg starter	In milk replacer and starter feed	Weaning dairy calves	SCB and LA reduced potential pathogenic Streptococcus and Tyzzerella_4, increased beneficial bacteria	–	[105]
B. subtilis	13 g/d	In starter ration	Weaned Holstein steers with Salmonella challenge	Reduced Salmonella concentrations in jejunum, ileum, colon at 48 h post-challenge but no difference at 96 h after challenge; increased white blood cells and lymphocyte counts	Greater feed intake before and after challenge	[46]
M. elsdenii NCIMB 41125	5 × 109 cfu/d	25 mL suspension	Pre- and post-weaning	–	No effect on rumen fermentation, blood metabolites associated with butyrate	[106]

ADG Average daily gain, BW Body weight, DMI Dry matter intake